e expression in key metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of WD. The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO series accession number GSE168972 (https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE168972).The phosphatidylinositol transfer protein domain (PITPd) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that is able to transfer phosphatidylinositol between membranes in vitro and in vivo. However some animal genomes also include genes that encode proteins where the PITPd is found in cis with a number of additional domains and recent large scale genome sequencing efforts indicate that this type of multidomain architecture is widespread in the animal kingdom. In Drosophila photoreceptors, the multidomain phosphatidylinositol transfer protein RDGB is required to regulate phosphoinositide turnover during G-protein activated phospholipase C signalling. Recent studies in flies and mammalian cell culture models have begun to elucidate functions for the non-PITPd of RDGB and its vertebrate orthologs. We review emerging evidence on the genomics, functional and cell biological perspectives of these multi-domain PITPd containing proteins.Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal neurodegenerative disorder caused by extended trinucleotide CAG repetition in the HTT gene. Wild-type huntingtin protein (HTT) is essential, involved in a variety of crucial cellular functions such as vesicle transportation, cell division, transcription regulation, autophagy, and tissue maintenance. The mutant HTT (mHTT) proteins in the body interfere with HTT's normal cellular functions and cause additional detrimental effects. In this review, we discuss multiple approaches targeting DNA and RNA to reduce mHTT expression. These approaches are categorized into non-allele-specific silencing and allele-specific-silencing using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplogroup analysis. Additionally, this review discusses a potential application of recent CRISPR prime editing technology in targeting HD.Corneal nerves are instrumental to maintain cornea integrity through regulation of key physiological functions such as tear secretion, blink reflex, and neuropeptide turnover. Corneal nerve injury/stimulation can follow many insults including mechanical/chemical trauma, infections and surgeries. Nerve disruption initiates a process named neurogenic inflammation which leads to edema, pain, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Interestingly, leukocyte influx in the cornea can further damage nerves by releasing inflammatory mediators-including neuropeptides. The clinical outcome of neuroinflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to corneal integrity. On one side, it ensures prompt wound healing and prevents infections. On the other, prolonged and/or deranged neuroinflammation can permanently disrupt corneal integrity and impair vision. ABT-199 in vivo The cornea is an ideal site to study peripheral neuroinflammation and neurogenic inflammation since it receives the highest density of sensory nerves of the entire body. We will review the corneal nerve anatomy and neurochemistry, discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of neurogenic inflammation in corneal wound healing, inflammatory processes, and pain. We will also examine the emerging remote impact of corneal nerve disruption on the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, highlighting the key role of neuropeptide Substance P. Finally, we will discuss the clinical relevance of such neuroinflammatory network in the context of severe and highly prevalent ocular diseases, including potential treatments.It has recently become possible to produce hepatocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-heps), which may offer some advantages over primary human hepatocytes (Prim-heps) in the regulatory environment. The aim of this research was to assess similarities and differences between commercially available iPSC-heps and Prim-heps in preliminary assays of drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and drug transport. Hepatocytes were either cultured in collagen-coated 96-well plates (Prim-heps and 2d-iPSC-heps) or in ultra-low adhesion plates as spheroids (3d-iPSC-heps). 3d-iPSC-heps were used to enhance physiological cell-cell contacts, which is essential to maintain the phenotype of mature hepatocytes. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6 activity levels were evaluated using fluorescent assays. Phase II metabolism was assessed by HPLC measurement of formation of glucuronides and sulfates of 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, and estradiol. The toxicity of acetaminophen, amiodarone, aspirin, clozapine, tacrine, tamoxifen, and troglitazone was monitored using a luminescent cell viability assay. Canaliculi formation was monitored by following the fluorescence of 5,6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. All culture models showed similar levels of basal CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 activity. However, while Prim-heps showed a vigorous response to CYP inducing agents, 2d-iPSC-heps showed no response and 3d-iPSC-heps displayed an inconclusive response. 2d-iPSC-heps showed reduced, yet appreciable, glucuronide and sulfate formation compared to Prim-heps. All culture models showed similar activity in tests of hepatotoxicity, with Prim-heps generally being more sensitive. All models formed canaliculi capable of transporting carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. The iPSC-heps appear to be useful for toxicity and transport studies, but metabolic activity is not optimum, and metabolism studies would benefit from a more mature model.Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that has acquired resistance to all available drugs. The rise in multi-drug resistance in A. baumannii has been exacerbated by its ability to tolerate antibiotics due to the persister cells, which are phenotypic variants of normal cells that can survive various stress conditions, resulting in chronicity of infection. In the present study we observed that A. baumannii formed persister cells against lethal concentration of ciprofloxacin in exponential phase. The transcriptome of A. baumannii was analyzed after exposure to high concentration of ciprofloxacin (50X MIC) to determine the possible mechanisms of survival. Transcriptome analysis showed differential expression of 146 genes, of which 101 were up-regulated and 45 were down-regulated under ciprofloxacin stress. Differentially expressed genes that might be important for persistence against ciprofloxacin were involved in DNA repair, phenylacetic acid degradation, leucine catabolism, HicAB toxin-antitoxin system and ROS response (iron-sulfur clusters, hemerythrin-like metal binding and Kdp).ABT-199 in vivo