Handling exceptions is an essential skill for writing robust Java applications. Java provides two important keywords—throw and throws—for dealing with exceptions. While they may look similar, they serve different purposes in exception handling.

In this guide, we’ll break down the differences between throw and throws, understand when to use each, and explore real-world examples to solidify the concepts.

1️⃣ What is throw in Java?

🔹 The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception within a method or block of code.

🔹 It is typically used to raise custom or built-in exceptions manually.

🔹 Once an exception is thrown using throw, the program execution stops unless the exception is caught using a try-catch block.

✅ Syntax of throw

throw new ExceptionType("Error Message");

✅ Example: Using throw to Manually Trigger an Exception

public class ThrowExample {
    public static void validateAge(int age) {
        if (age < 18) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Age must be 18 or above");
        }
        System.out.println("Welcome! You are eligible.");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        validateAge(16); // 🚨 Throws IllegalArgumentException
    }
}

🔹 Key Takeaways for throw

✔️ Used inside a method to manually throw an exception.

✔️ Can be used to raise both checked and unchecked exceptions.

✔️ Once thrown, it must be handled using a try-catch block or propagated using throws.

2️⃣ What is throws in Java?

🔹 The throws keyword is used in a method signature to indicate that a method may throw one or more exceptions.

🔹 It does not handle the exception itself but informs the caller that the method might generate an exception.

🔹 The calling method must handle the exception using a try-catch block or propagate it further using throws.

✅ Syntax of throws

returnType methodName() throws ExceptionType {
    // Method implementation
}

✅ Example: Using throws to Propagate an Exception

import java.io.*;

public class ThrowsExample {
    public static void readFile() throws IOException {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"));
        String line = br.readLine();
        System.out.println(line);
        br.close();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            readFile(); // 🚨 Throws IOException
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

🔹 Key Takeaways for throws

✔️ Used in a method declaration to indicate potential exceptions.

✔️ Can be used with multiple exceptions (comma-separated).

✔️ Forces the caller to handle or propagate the exception.

3️⃣ throw vs throws: Key Differences

4️⃣ Real-World Examples of throw and throws

🛠 Example 1: Banking Application (Using throw)

Let’s say we have a banking system where users cannot withdraw more money than they have in their account.

public class BankAccount {
    private double balance = 5000;

    public void withdraw(double amount) {
        if (amount > balance) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Insufficient funds! Withdrawal denied.");
        }
        balance -= amount;
        System.out.println("Withdrawal successful. Remaining balance: " + balance);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BankAccount account = new BankAccount();
        account.withdraw(6000); // 🚨 Throws IllegalArgumentException
    }
}

🔍 How It Works?

• The method checks if amount > balance.
• If yes, it throws an IllegalArgumentException.
• This prevents users from withdrawing more than available funds.

🛠 Example 2: File Handling (Using throws)

Now, let’s say we need to read a file from disk, and there’s a possibility that the file may not exist.

import java.io.*;

public class FileReaderExample {
    public static void readFile() throws IOException {
        FileReader file = new FileReader("data.txt"); // May throw IOException
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(file);
        System.out.println(br.readLine());
        br.close();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            readFile();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error reading file: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

🔍 How It Works?

• The method readFile() declares throws IOException, meaning it may generate an exception.
• The caller (main method) must handle the exception with a try-catch block.

5️⃣ Best Practices for Using throw and throws

✔️ Use throw for specific error conditions inside methods.

✔️ Use throws to indicate possible exceptions and let the caller handle them.

✔️ Never declare unchecked exceptions (RuntimeException) with throws—it’s unnecessary.

✔️ Use meaningful exception messages when throwing exceptions.

✔️ Avoid using throws excessively—handle exceptions properly when possible.

🎯 Conclusion

Both throw and throws play an important role in Java exception handling:

🔹 throw is used to manually trigger an exception within a method.

🔹 throws is used to declare exceptions that may be thrown by a method.

🔹 throw stops execution immediately, while throws forces the caller to handle exceptions.

Understanding their differences will help you write cleaner, more maintainable code and handle exceptions efficiently in Java applications. 🚀

Did this guide help you? Let me know in the comments! 😊