Chidiebere OgujeioforSQLAlchemy's approach of making all requests a transaction and requiring you to constantly add things to the session before committing them could lead to you repeating yourself constantly. I decided to share how you can use OOP to avoid these repetitions by creating a BaseModel.
Prerequisites for this is a basic understanding of SQL, SQLAlchemy and Python.
Model Parts
All the models in our application would most likely have the following properties:
- id
- created_at
- update_at
Also, the following actions:
- save
- update
- bulk_create
Depending on the application we might want to add more attributes and reuseable methods to the BaseModel but this is usually a good place to start.
Our BaseModel
Now let me walk through the parts of the BaseModel
Attributes
class BaseModel(db.Model):
__abstract__ = True
The __abstract__ attribute tells SQLAlchemy that this model should not be created in the database. Thus, when creating tables/migrations this class would be ignored.
class BaseModel(db.Model):
.
.
.
id = db.Column(db.Integer,
primary_key=True,
autoincrement=True)
created_at = db.Column(db.DateTime(timezone=True), default=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
updated_at = db.Column(db.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True)
These are the fields that would be repeating in our models. Specifying it here removes the need to add these columns when creating our models as they would be implicitly created for us.
When you have time fields in your models, it is best to make them timezone sensitive. Here, I have used a lambda expression, the datetime.timezone and datetime.datetime classes to generate a default datetime whenever a model is saved to the database.
Instance Methods: Create, Update, Delete.
class BaseModel(db.Model):
.
.
.
def before_save(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def after_save(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def save(self, commit=True):
self.before_save()
db.session.add(self)
if commit:
try:
db.session.commit()
except Exception as e:
db.session.rollback()
raise e
self.after_save()
def before_update(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def after_update(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def update(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.before_update(*args, **kwargs)
db.session.commit()
self.after_update(*args, **kwargs)
def delete(self, commit=True):
db.session.delete(self)
if commit:
db.session.commit()
The save method inserts the model object to the DB and rolls back when an error occurs. Since SQLAchemy performs its queries in a transaction, it rolls back all the things that have been added to this session once an error occurs.
We can control whether we want to commit to the DB or not by specifying a value for commit
Although SQLAlchemy has events listeners that run after_insert and before_insert hooks, I have found it handy to specify these operations as methods in your model.
The other methods for update and delete are similar
Class Methods: Bulk Create and Eager Loading
Eager Loading
class BaseModel(db.Model):
.
.
.
@classmethod
def eager(cls, *args):
cols = [orm.joinedload(arg) for arg in args]
return cls.query.options(*cols)
Eager loading is a very important concept to be conscious of when querying your data. This method makes eager loading easier by allowing us to just specify only the fields we want to eager load. For example
Model.eager('rel1', 'rel2').all()
The above call would eager-load relationships rel1 and rel2. You can get more info about eager loading in my post
Bulk Create
class BaseModel(db.Model):
.
.
.
@classmethod
def before_bulk_create(cls, iterable, *args, **kwargs):
pass
@classmethod
def after_bulk_create(cls, model_objs, *args, **kwargs):
pass
@classmethod
def bulk_create(cls, iterable, *args, **kwargs):
cls.before_bulk_create(iterable, *args, **kwargs)
model_objs = []
for data in iterable:
if not isinstance(data, cls):
data = cls(**data)
model_objs.append(data)
db.session.bulk_save_objects(model_objs)
if kwargs.get('commit', True) is True:
db.session.commit()
cls.after_bulk_create(model_objs, *args, **kwargs)
return model_objs
@classmethod
def bulk_create_or_none(cls, iterable, *args, **kwargs):
try:
return cls.bulk_create(iterable, *args, **kwargs)
except exc.IntegrityError as e:
db.session.rollback()
return None
The bulk_create implementation above allows the user to INSERT multiple rows in the database either from an array of the model instances or array of dictionaries. I found the dictionaries part super helpful while writing automated tests.
Like the save method, the bulk_create method would persist to the DB when the commit kwarg is set to True and makes calls to before_bulk_create and after_bulk_create. It returns a list the created models on success but leaves error handling to the calling function
The bulk_create_or_none differs from the bulk_create by handling only IntegrityError and returning None when they occur.
BaseModel in use
Here are some examples of how you can use this BaseModel
Creating concrete Models
class User(BaseModel):
username = db.Column(
db.String(20),
nullable=False,
)
password_hash = db.Column(db.VARCHAR(130), nullable=False)
memberships = db.relationship('Membership',
back_populates='member')
def before_update(self, *args, **kwargs):
print('Calling User models before_update')
def after_update(self, *args, **kwargs):
print('Calling User models after_update')
class Company(BaseModel):
name = db.Column(db.String(120), nullable=False)
website = db.Column(db.String(), nullable=False)
address = db.Column(db.String(), nullable=False)
memberships = db.relationship('Membership',
back_populates='company')
class Membership(BaseModel):
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
company_id = db.Column(db.Integer,
db.ForeignKey('company.id'))
role = db.Column(db.String, default='REGULAR_USER')
member = db.relationship("User", back_populates="memberships")
company = db.relationship('Company', back_populates="memberships")
INSERTING
You can insert fields with something like:
>>> user = User(username='some_username', password_hash='password')
>>> user.save()
>>> company = Company(name='Company 1', website='somewebsite.com', address='Atom 1 close, Ojodu Lagos')
>>> company.save()
>>> membership = Membership(user_id=user.id, company_id=company.id)
>>> membership.save()
>>> company = Company(name='SomeUnknownCompany', website='some.com',address='Aguda, Surulere Lagos')
>>> company.save(commit=False) # When commit is false
>>> Company.query.filter_by(name='SomeUnknownCompany').count()
1
>>> db.session.rollback()
>>> Company.query.filter_by(name='SomeUnknownCompany').count()
0
Eager Loading
We can eager load fields:
>>> Membership.eager('company', 'member').all()
[<Membership 1>, <Membership 2>, <Membership 3>, <Membership 4>, <Membership 5>, <Membership 6>, <Membership 7>, <Membership 8>, <Membership 9>, <Membership 10>]
Generating the following SQL
INFO:sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:SELECT membership.id AS membership_id, membership.created_at AS membership_created_at, membership.updated_at AS membership_updated_at, membership.user_id AS membership_user_id, membership.company_id AS membership_company_id, membership.role AS membership_role, user_1.id AS user_1_id, user_1.created_at AS user_1_created_at, user_1.updated_at AS user_1_updated_at, user_1.username AS user_1_username, user_1.password_hash AS user_1_password_hash, company_1.id AS company_1_id, company_1.created_at AS company_1_created_at, company_1.updated_at AS company_1_updated_at, company_1.name AS company_1_name, company_1.website AS company_1_website, company_1.address AS company_1_address
FROM membership LEFT OUTER JOIN "user" AS user_1 ON user_1.id = membership.user_id LEFT OUTER JOIN company AS company_1 ON company_1.id = membership.company_id
INFO:sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:{}
UPDATING
>>> user = User.query.first()
>>> user.username
'some_username'
>>> user.username = 'Adebayor1010'
>>> user.update()
Calling User models before_update
Calling User models after_update
>>> User.query.filter_by(username='Adebayor1010').count()
1
Generating the following SQL query
INFO:sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".created_at AS user_created_at, "user".updated_at AS user_updated_at, "user".username AS user_username, "user".password_hash AS user_password_hash
FROM "user"
WHERE "user".username = %(username_1)s
INFO:sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:{'username_1': 'user1010'}
Bulk Creating
>>> user_dicts = [
... {'username': 'user1010', 'password_hash': 'some_hash'},
... {'username': 'user1011', 'password_hash': 'some_hash'},
... {'username': 'user1012', 'password_hash': 'some_hash'},
... {'username': 'user1013', 'password_hash': 'some_hash'},
... ]
>>> users = User.bulk_create(user_dicts)
Conclusion
One small advice I have is this
Before abstracting a particular logic to some Base class, ensure that you have repeated that logic a significant amount of time.
One thing I have found myself doing is rushing into abstracting a particular logic and then realising 10 commits later that I need to edit the method in the Base class but it has been tightly coupled to some concrete implementation. You can avoid falling into this by waiting until you have repeated something about 4-5 times before abstracting
Hope you have fun creating your SQLAlchemy models.
