Redux-Observable is a middleware for Redux that uses RxJS to handle asynchronous actions. It offers an alternative to redux-thunk and redux-saga, allowing you to work with async actions using observables.

Understanding the Observer Pattern

Before diving into RxJS and Redux-Observable, let's revisit the Observer Pattern. In this pattern, an "Observable" object maintains a list of "Observers". When the Observable's state changes, it notifies all its Observers.



document.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
  console.log("Element clicked:", event);
});

In this example, addEventListener makes the document an Observable, and the callback function is the Observer.

Diving into RxJS

RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for composing asynchronous and event-based programs using observable sequences. It extends the Observer pattern by providing operators that allow you to compose Observables in a declarative manner.

Key Concepts in RxJS

Observers: Objects that subscribe to Observables and receive notifications.
Observables: Objects that emit data over time.
Operators: Functions that allow you to manipulate Observables.
Subjects: Special types of Observables that are also Observers.

Observers and Observables

Observers

Observers are objects that can subscribe to Observables and receive notifications of three types: next, error, and complete. Here's a basic example of an Observer in action:



import { Observable } from "rxjs";

const observable = new Observable((subscriber) => {
  subscriber.next("Hello");
  subscriber.next("World");
  subscriber.complete();
});

const observer = {
  next: (value) => console.log("Received value:", value),
  error: (err) => console.error("Error:", err),
  complete: () => console.log("Completed"),
};

observable.subscribe(observer);

Expected Output:



Received value: Hello
Received value: World
Completed

Observables

Observables emit data over time and can be created using the new Observable constructor. Here’s an example where an Observable emits values periodically:



const observable = new Observable((subscriber) => {
  let count = 1;
  const intervalId = setInterval(() => {
    subscriber.next(count++);
    if (count > 5) {
      clearInterval(intervalId);
      subscriber.complete();
    }
  }, 1000);
});

observable.subscribe({
  next: (value) => console.log(value),
  complete: () => console.log("Completed"),
});

Expected Output:



1
2
3
4
5
Completed

Subjects

A Subject is a special type of Observable that can multicast to multiple Observers. Here’s an example:



import { Subject } from "rxjs";

const subject = new Subject();

subject.subscribe({
  next: (value) => console.log(`Observer 1: ${value}`),
});

subject.subscribe({
  next: (value) => console.log(`Observer 2: ${value}`),
});

subject.next("Hello");
subject.next("World");

Expected Output:



Observer 1: Hello
Observer 2: Hello
Observer 1: World
Observer 2: World

Note:

Observables are unicast, meaning each subscription is independent.
Subjects are multicast, meaning they share the same execution path among all subscribers

What Are Operators?

Operators are functions that allow you to manipulate and transform Observables. Here are some examples:

Creation Operators

from

Creates an Observable from an array:



import { from } from "rxjs";

const observable = from([1, 2, 3, 4]);

observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Expected Output:

Pipeable Operators

map

Transforms each value emitted by the source Observable:



import { map } from "rxjs/operators";
import { of } from "rxjs";

const observable = of(1, 2, 3, 4).pipe(map((value) => value * 2));

observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Expected Output:

filter

Filters the emitted values based on a condition:



import { filter } from "rxjs/operators";
import { of } from "rxjs";

const observable = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).pipe(filter((value) => value % 2 === 0));

observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Expected Output:

2
4

mergeMap

Maps each value to an Observable and flattens the inner Observables:



import { mergeMap } from "rxjs/operators";
import { of } from "rxjs";

const observable = of("Hello", "World").pipe(
  mergeMap((value) => of(`${value} RxJS`))
);

observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Expected Output:



Hello RxJS
World RxJS

switchMap

Switches to a new Observable on each emission, canceling the previous one:



import { switchMap } from "rxjs/operators";
import { interval, of } from "rxjs";

const observable = interval(1000).pipe(
  switchMap((value) => of(`Switched to ${value}`))
);

observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Expected Output:



Switched to 0
Switched to 1
Switched to 2
... (continues every second)

Setting Up Redux-Observable

To start using Redux-Observable, you need to install the necessary packages:



npm install redux-observable rxjs

Creating an Epic

An epic is a function that takes a stream of actions and returns a stream of actions. Let's start with a basic example:



import { ofType } from "redux-observable";
import { mapTo } from "rxjs/operators";

const pingEpic = (action$) =>
  action$.pipe(ofType("PING"), mapTo({ type: "PONG" }));

export default pingEpic;

Here, when a PING action is dispatched, the epic intercepts it and maps it to a PONG action.

Integrating the Epic with Redux



import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from "redux";
import { createEpicMiddleware } from "redux-observable";
import rootReducer from "./reducers";
import pingEpic from "./epics";

const epicMiddleware = createEpicMiddleware();

const store = createStore(rootReducer, applyMiddleware(epicMiddleware));

epicMiddleware.run(pingEpic);

createEpicMiddleware(): This function creates the middleware required for Redux-Observable.
applyMiddleware(epicMiddleware): This applies the epic middleware to your Redux store.
epicMiddleware.run(pingEpic): This runs the pingEpic, allowing it to start intercepting actions.

When the Redux store is set up and a PING action is dispatched, the pingEpic will intercept it and dispatch a PONG action.

Handling AJAX Requests with Redux-Observable

Let's take a more practical example where we fetch user data from an API. We'll define action creators, create an epic to handle the AJAX request, and update the reducer to process the actions.

Action Creators

First, define action creators for starting the fetch and handling the response:



export const fetchUser = () => ({ type: "FETCH_USER" });
export const fetchUserFulfilled = (payload) => ({
  type: "FETCH_USER_FULFILLED",
  payload,
});

Epic for AJAX Request

Create an epic to handle the AJAX request:



import { ofType } from "redux-observable";
import { ajax } from "rxjs/ajax";
import { mergeMap, map, catchError } from "rxjs/operators";
import { fetchUserFulfilled } from "./actions";

const fetchUserEpic = (action$) =>
  action$.pipe(
    ofType("FETCH_USER"),
    mergeMap(() =>
      ajax.getJSON("/api/user").pipe(
        map((response) => fetchUserFulfilled(response)),
        catchError(() => of({ type: "FETCH_USER_FAILED" }))
      )
    )
  );

export default fetchUserEpic;

ofType('FETCH_USER'): Filters the actions to only include those with the type 'FETCH_USER'.
ajax.getJSON('/api/user'): Makes an AJAX request to fetch user data from the /api/user endpoint.
map(response => fetchUserFulfilled(response)): Maps the AJAX response to a FETCH_USER_FULFILLED action.
catchError(() => of({ type: 'FETCH_USER_FAILED' })): Catches any errors during the AJAX request and maps them to a FETCH_USER_FAILED action.

When a FETCH_USER action is dispatched, the epic makes an AJAX request. If the request is successful, a FETCH_USER_FULFILLED action is dispatched with the response data. If the request fails, a FETCH_USER_FAILED action is dispatched.

Combining Epics

If you have multiple epics, combine them using combineEpics:



import { combineEpics } from "redux-observable";
import fetchUserEpic from "./fetchUserEpic";

const rootEpic = combineEpics(fetchUserEpic);

export default rootEpic;

Updating the Reducer

Update your reducer to handle the new actions:



const initialState = {
  user: null,
};

const userReducer = (state = initialState, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "FETCH_USER_FULFILLED":
      return { ...state, user: action.payload };
    default:
      return state;
  }
};

export default userReducer;

When a FETCH_USER_FULFILLED action is dispatched, the user data in the state is updated with the fetched data. When a FETCH_USER_FAILED action is dispatched, an error message is set in the state.

Practical Use Cases for Redux-Observable

Debouncing API Requests

Let's say you want to provide autocomplete suggestions as the user types. Instead of making an API call for every keystroke, you can debounce the requests.



import { debounceTime, switchMap } from "rxjs/operators";

const searchEpic = (action$) =>

  action$.pipe(

    ofType("SEARCH"),

    debounceTime(500),

    switchMap((action) =>

      ajax.getJSON(/api/search?q=</span><span class="p">${</span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">payload</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="s2">).pipe(

        map((response) => ({ type: "SEARCH_FULFILLED", payload: response })),

        catchError(() => of({ type: "SEARCH_FAILED" }))

      )

    )

  );

export default searchEpic;

Cancelling Ongoing Requests

Using switchMap, you can cancel the previous request if a new one comes in:



const searchEpic = (action$) =>

  action$.pipe(

    ofType("SEARCH"),

    debounceTime(500),

    switchMap((action) =>

      ajax.getJSON(/api/search?q=</span><span class="p">${</span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">payload</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="s2">).pipe(

        map((response) => ({ type: "SEARCH_FULFILLED", payload: response })),

        catchError(() => of({ type: "SEARCH_FAILED" }))

      )

    )

  );

export default searchEpic;

Polling an API

You might need to poll an API to get updates regularly. Here's how you can do it:



import { interval } from "rxjs";

import { switchMap } from "rxjs/operators";

const pollEpic = (action$) =>

  action$.pipe(

    ofType("START_POLLING"),

    switchMap(() =>

      interval(5000).pipe(

        switchMap(() =>

          ajax.getJSON("/api/data").pipe(

            map((response) => ({ type: "POLL_SUCCESS", payload: response })),

            catchError(() => of({ type: "POLL_FAILED" }))

          )

        )

      )

    )

  );

export default pollEpic;

Handling WebSocket Connections

Redux-Observable can also be used to manage WebSocket connections:



import { webSocket } from "rxjs/webSocket";

const websocketEpic = (action$) =>

  action$.pipe(

    ofType("CONNECT_WEBSOCKET"),

    switchMap(() =>

      webSocket("ws://example.com").pipe(

        map((message) => ({ type: "WEBSOCKET_MESSAGE", payload: message })),

        catchError(() => of({ type: "WEBSOCKET_FAILED" }))

      )

    )

  );

export default websocketEpic;

Conclusion

Redux-Observable, powered by RxJS, provides a robust and flexible way to handle asynchronous actions in Redux applications. By embracing observables and functional programming, you can simplify your code and make it more maintainable.

Whether you're dealing with API calls, debouncing user input, managing WebSocket connections, or polling APIs, Redux-Observable offers powerful tools to manage these workflows efficiently.

If your application involves complex async workflows, give Redux-Observable a try. You might find it to be the perfect solution for your needs. For more detailed information and examples, check out the official Redux-Observable documentation.

RxJs and Redux-Observable

Understanding the Observer Pattern

Diving into RxJS

Key Concepts in RxJS

Observers and Observables

Observers

Observables

Subjects

What Are Operators?

Creation Operators

Pipeable Operators

Setting Up Redux-Observable

Creating an Epic

Integrating the Epic with Redux

Handling AJAX Requests with Redux-Observable

Action Creators

Epic for AJAX Request

Combining Epics

Updating the Reducer

Practical Use Cases for Redux-Observable

Debouncing API Requests

Cancelling Ongoing Requests

Polling an API

Handling WebSocket Connections

Conclusion