uld be scaled up towards malaria elimination.
Farmers use a large number of pesticides to increase the productivity of Khat cultivation. Since Khat is consumed by many Ethiopians as a habit, there may be a significant concentration of pesticide residues in Khat leaves which result in adverse effects among the exposed population. Excess use of pesticides in Khat causes cancer, genotoxicity, and endocrine disturbances. The current study aimed to determine the concentration of selected pesticide residues on Khat leaves samples and to estimate the possible health risk on consumers.

Thirty Khat samples were collected from Khat cultivators in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Pesticide residue extraction and cleanup of Khat samples were performed using the QuEChERS method. Data were also collected about personal variables and Khat consumption habits. The pesticide concentrations were determined and the health risks were estimated.

Profenofos, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos were detected in 6 (20%), 24 (80%), and 28 (93.3%) Khat samples, respectively. However, dea is necessary to avoid the adverse health effects of pesticide residues.Osteoporosis is regarded as the most common chronic metabolic bone condition in humans. In osteoporosis, bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have reduced cellular function. Regenerative medicine using adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation can promote the growth and strength of new bones, improve bone stability, and reduce the risk of fractures. Various methods have been attempted to differentiate ADSCs to functioning specialized cells for prospective clinical application. However, commonly used therapies have resulted in damage to the donor site and morbidity, immune reactions, carcinogenic generation, and postoperative difficulties. Photobiomodulation (PBM) improves ADSC differentiation and proliferation along with reducing clinical difficulties such as treatment failures to common drug therapies and late initiation of treatment. PBM is a noninvasive, nonthermal treatment that encourages cells to produce more energy and to undergo self-repair by using visible green and red and invisible near-infrared (NIR) radiation. The use of PBM for ADSC proliferation and differentiation has been widely studied with multiple outcomes observed due to laser fluence and wavelength dependence. In this article, the potential for differentiating ADSCs into osteoblasts and the various methods used, including biological induction, chemical induction, and PBM, will be addressed. Likewise, the optimal laser parameters that could improve the proliferation and differentiation of ADSC, translating into clinical success, will be commented on.
has been recognized as a major cause of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of food of animal origin. The present cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 in Ambo and Holeta towns to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nontyphoidal
isolates from raw beef samples from abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants in Ambo and Holeta towns, Oromia region, Ethiopia.

A total of 354 beef samples were collected from abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants.
isolation and identification were carried out using standard bacteriological methods recommended by the International Organization for Standardization. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Besides, a structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and potential risk factors for contamination of meat. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for data analyses.

Of the total 354 meat samples examined, 20 (afety education for meat handlers and further surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant isolates are suggested.
The study showed widespread multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the study areas. Therefore, raw meat consumption and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs should be discouraged. Provision of food safety education for meat handlers and further surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant isolates are suggested.
S
is one of the most important causes of food-borne intoxication and the most frequent antibiotic-resistant pathogen in the world. Regular evaluation of the current safety status of food is a proactive measure to minimize the possible danger of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance profile of
from ready-to-eat raw beef in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia.
. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 by collecting a total of 101 raw beef samples from butcher shops using a simple random sampling method. Isolation and microbial load determination of
use were performed by conventional culture method and an antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on the Mueller-Hinton agar. The data were analyzed by using STATA software version 12.0.

Out of 101 raw beef samples, 55 (54.45%) were positive for
with a mean bacterial count of 3.40 ± 0.63 (log
 cfu/g). About 13% of butcher shops had unacceptable and potentially dangerous (above 10
 cfu/g) bacterial load. High
drug resistance was observed on penicillin (92.73%) followed by cefoxitin (74.5%), tetracycline (63.63%), and clindamycin (50.9%). On the other hand, there was the highest susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (90.91%) and erythromycin (87.27%). learn more Multidrug resistance was also found in 54 (98%) of the isolates.

In this study highly drug-resistant
was incriminated as the main meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent
intoxications in foods.
In this study highly drug-resistant S. aureus was incriminated as the main meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent S. aureus intoxications in foods.A simple, rapid, and sensitive method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of vardenafil in rabbit plasma. A simple protein precipitation method with ice-cold acetonitrile was used for plasma extraction. The mass transitions m/z 489⟶151 and m/z 390⟶169 were used to measure vardenafil and tadalafil (internal standard), respectively, with a total assay run time of 6 min. The limit of detection was 0.2 ng/mL. The assay was reproducible with intra-assay and interassay precision ranging 1.17%-9.17% and 1.31%-5.86%, respectively. There was also good intra-assay and interassay accuracy between 89.3%-105.3% and 94%-102% of the expected value, respectively. The linearity range was 0.5-60 ng/mL in rabbit plasma (r 2 ≥ 0.99). The measured AUC from 0 to 24 h (AUC0 - 24t ) for the test and reference formulations were 174.38 ± 95.91 and 176.45 ± 76.88, respectively. For the test, C max and T max were 75.36 ± 59.53 ng/mL and 1.42 ± 0.19 h, whereas, for the reference, these were 58.learn more