Damien CossetIntroduction
If you open up your terminal and launch a mongod instance,without any options, you are using a standalone server. There is one copy of your data. It's an quick and easy way to get started but it's extremely dangerous in a production environment.
A server crash could make your data unavailable. Hardware issues could force you to move your data. Replication keeps several identical copies of your data on multiple servers. If something happens to one of your servers, you have another one ready to take its place and keep your application running and your data safe.
In MongoDB, replication is achieved by creating a replica set. A replica set is composed of multiple servers. One of them is defined as the primary. This is the server taking client requests. The other servers are called secondaries. They have a copy of your primary's data. Your primary goes down, one of the secondaries becomes the primary, and your data is still available.
Setting up a replica set
First, let's create three data directories for each node. Open up a terminal window and type:
mkdir -p ~/data/rs{1,2,3}
Or this on Windows:
md c:\data\rs1 c:\data\rs2 c:\data\rs3
Next, run the following commands in three different terminal windows:
mongod --replSet introRep --dbpath ~/data/rs1 --port 27017
mongod --replSet introRep --dbpath ~/data/rs2 --port 27018
mongod --replSet introRep --dbpath ~/data/rs3 --port 27019
Note: Replace ~/data/rs1 with c:\data\rs1 on Windows. Same for the other two.
Let's decompose these commands:
We create three different mongod instances.
- --replSet
We are saying to our mongod instance that it is part of a replica set. Each host in the same replica set must have the same set name. Here, I chose introRep
- --dbpath
Defines where this mongod instance will store its data. We created those directories earlier. Each set is assigned a different directory.
- --port
Self explanatory, the sets can't run on the same port. 27017 is the default port for mongod. I use 27018 and 27019 for the other two.
Great, now you have three separate mongod processes running.
Configuration
At this point, our mongod processes do not know about each other. We need to create a configuration with the list of each of the members of our replica set and inform on of our mongod processes.
Open up a new terminal window and connect to one of the mongod processes by specifying a port:
mongo --port 27017
Next, we'll create a configuration document. The document will have two keys:
_id : Name of the replica set. For our example, introRep
members: Array of documents. Each document has an _id key and a host key. It represents every set in our replica set.
Here is how it will look:
config = {
... _id: "introRep",
... members: [
... {_id: 0, host: "localhost:27017"},
... {_id: 1, host: "localhost:27018"},
... {_id: 2, host: "localhost:27019"}
... ]}
{
Store this in a variable and pass it to the rs.initiate() method to initiate a replica set:
rs.initiate(config)
Great, localhost:27017 will notify the other members of the new configuration. After that, they will elect a primary.
Replica set status
Your replica set is now fully functional. If you launch all three sets with mongo and the appropriate --port flag, you will see one prefixed with introRep>PRIMARY>, the other two will have introRep>SECONDARY> as prefix.
To have more information about your replica set, you can use the rs.status() helper:
introRep:PRIMARY> rs.status()
{
"set" : "introRep",
"date" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:14.734Z"),
"myState" : 1,
"term" : NumberLong(1),
"heartbeatIntervalMillis" : NumberLong(2000),
"optimes" : {
"lastCommittedOpTime" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"appliedOpTime" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"durableOpTime" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
}
},
"members" : [
{
"_id" : 0,
"name" : "localhost:27017",
"health" : 1,
"state" : 1,
"stateStr" : "PRIMARY",
"uptime" : 949,
"optime" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"optimeDate" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13Z"),
"electionTime" : Timestamp(1502810832, 1),
"electionDate" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:27:12Z"),
"configVersion" : 1,
"self" : true
},
{
"_id" : 1,
"name" : "localhost:27018",
"health" : 1,
"state" : 2,
"stateStr" : "SECONDARY",
"uptime" : 613,
"optime" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"optimeDurable" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"optimeDate" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13Z"),
"optimeDurableDate" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13Z"),
"lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13.925Z"),
"lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:14.472Z"),
"pingMs" : NumberLong(0),
"syncingTo" : "localhost:27017",
"configVersion" : 1
},
{
"_id" : 2,
"name" : "localhost:27019",
"health" : 1,
"state" : 2,
"stateStr" : "SECONDARY",
"uptime" : 613,
"optime" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"optimeDurable" : {
"ts" : Timestamp(1502811433, 1),
"t" : NumberLong(1)
},
"optimeDate" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13Z"),
"optimeDurableDate" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13Z"),
"lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:13.925Z"),
"lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2017-08-15T15:37:14.559Z"),
"pingMs" : NumberLong(0),
"syncingTo" : "localhost:27018",
"configVersion" : 1
}
],
"ok" : 1
}
If you look in the members array, you will see our three sets listed. On my machine, localhost:27017 has been elected primary. We can see this with the stateStr set to PRIMARY. The other two are set to SECONDARY.
Congratulations! Your successfully set up a replica set with MongoDB!!
