Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements are two fundamental CSS concepts that enable users to target or select specific elements based on various conditions or add special effects to elements without modifying the HTML structure.

In this article, we will explore what pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements are, their differences and how to use them in your CSS code with illustrative examples.

1. Pseudo-classes

Pseudo class is a fundamental CSS concept that allows users to target and style an element. The styling could be based on their state or position within the web page. With Pseudo classes, you can select an element that cannot be easily targeted by standard CSS selectors. For example, Pseudo elements can be used to
• Apply styles when user hovers an element
• Apply styles to an element while it is being activated
• Apply styles to the portion of an element that is selected by the user. They are denoted with single colon (:)

Syntax:

The syntax to use a pseudo-class is as follows:

selector:pseudo-class {
  /* styles */
}

Examples:

1.1 Hover Pseudo-class

The :hover pseudo-class is used to style an element when the user hovers over it with the mouse cursor. The :hover pseudo-class is commonly used with a CSS selector to add interactivity and visual effects when a user hovers over the targeted element.

1.2 Active Pseudo-class

The :active pseudo-class is used to style an element when it is being activated or clicked by a user. This pseudo class always you to apply styling to an element while it is being click and reverts to normal after the user releases the click. It is also one of the user interface pseudo classes.

1.3 Focus Pseudo-class

The :focus pseudo-class is used to style an element when it gains focus, such as when an input field is selected by a user. Unlike the :active pseudo class that reverts to normal after the user releases the click, the :focus pseudo class applies the styling during the entire period that it retains focus until it loses it

More Types of Pseudo Classes

1. Link-related pseudo-classes:

   • :link: Styles unvisited links.
   • :visited: Styles visited links

2. User action pseudo-classes:

   • :target: Styles the target element of the current URL's fragment identifier (used with anchor links).

3. Form-related pseudo-classes:

   • :enabled: Styles form elements that are not disabled.
   • :disabled: Styles form elements that are disabled.
   • :checked: Styles radio buttons or checkboxes that are checked.
   • :valid: Styles form elements with valid input (e.g., for input validation).

4. Child and sibling pseudo-classes:

   • :first-child: Styles an element that is the first child of its parent.
   • :last-child: Styles an element that is the last child of its parent.
   • :nth-child(n): Styles an element that is the nth child of its parent (where n is a number or formula).
   • :nth-last-child(n): Styles an element that is the nth child counting from the end of its parent.
   • :only-child: Styles an element that is the only child of its parent.
   • :first-of-type: Styles the first occurrence of a specific element type within its parent.
   • :last-of-type: Styles the last occurrence of a specific element type within its parent.
   • :nth-of-type(n): Styles the nth occurrence of a specific element type within its parent (where n is a number or formula).
   • :nth-last-of-type(n): Styles the nth occurrence of a specific element type counting from the end of its parent.

5. UI state pseudo-classes:

   • :checked: Styles elements like checkboxes or radio buttons that are checked.
   • :indeterminate: Styles form elements in an indeterminate state (e.g., a checkbox with mixed values).
   • :default: Styles the default button in a form.
   • :valid and :invalid: Styles form elements with valid and invalid input, respectively.

6. Language-related pseudo-classes:

   • :lang(language): Styles elements with a specific language attribute (e.g., :lang(en) for English).

2. Pseudo-elements

Definition:

A pseudo-element is a keyword that is added to a CSS selector to style a specific part of an element's content without need to add extra HTML elements. Unlike pseudo-classes, which target an element based on its state, pseudo-elements target a part of an element, such as the first line of a paragraph or the last letter of a heading.

Syntax:

The syntax to use a pseudo-element is as follows:

selector::pseudo-element {
  /* styles */
}

Note: In CSS3, pseudo-elements are denoted by two colons (::). However, for backward compatibility, using a single colon (:) is also supported.

Examples:

2.1 First-line Pseudo-element

The ::first-line pseudo-element is used to style the first line of a block-level element, such as a paragraph. It targets the first line of the element, excluding the rest of the content within the element. It can be used for typographic effects or to emphasize the beginning of a paragraph

2.2 First-letter Pseudo-element

The ::first-letter pseudo-element is used to style the first letter of a block-level element. This means that you can apply styles to the initial letter of a paragraph, heading or any other block-level elements

1. ::before Pseudo-element: The ::before pseudo-element inserts content before the content of the selected element. It can be used to add decorative elements or textual content to an element without modifying the actual HTML content.

Syntax:

selector::before {
  /* CSS properties */
  content: "Your content here"; /* This property is mandatory and specifies the content to be inserted */
}

Example:
Suppose we have a simple HTML element like this:

<div class="example"></div>

And we want to add a "✔" symbol before the content of this element using ::before:

.example::before {
  content: "✔";
  color: green;
  font-size: 18px;
}

1. ::after Pseudo-element: The ::after pseudo-element inserts content after the content of the selected element. It can also be used to add decorative elements or textual content.

Syntax:

selector::after {
  /* CSS properties */
  content: "Your content here"; /* This property is mandatory and specifies the content to be inserted */
}

Example:
Let's add a "📌" emoji after the content of the same HTML element using ::after:

.example::after {
  content: "📌";
  font-size: 20px;
  margin-left: 5px;
}

In this example, the "✔" symbol will appear before the content of the .example element, and the "📌" emoji will appear after it.

Keep in mind that for both ::before and ::after pseudo-elements, the content property is mandatory, and without it, the pseudo-element won't generate any content.

Combining Pseudo-classes and Pseudo-elements

You can also combine pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements to create more specific and refined styles. For example:

a:hover::after {
  content: " (Hovered)";
  color: #007bff;
}

In this example, the text "(Hovered)" will be added after the link text when the user hovers over the link.

Differences between Pseudo-classes and Pseudo-elements

pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements provide useful tools for CSS styling, and understanding their differences helps in utilizing them effectively to create dynamic and visually appealing web pages.

Conclusion

Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements are valuable tools in CSS for targeting specific elements based on various states or parts of an element. They enhance the user experience by providing interactive and visually appealing effects. By understanding and utilizing these features effectively, you can create more dynamic and engaging web designs.

Remember that browser support might vary for some pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes, so always check the compatibility before implementing them in a production environment.

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