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This is the third entry of my weekly series Learning Go. Last week I covered control flow and a few of the primary control structures. I also touched on familiar territory; loops, the for statement, and conditional statements. This week I am diving head-first into types in Go, and what they are most commonly used with.

So, what is a "Type"?

determines the set of values together with operations and methods that are specific to those values

Think of a type like a family. They are a collection of like values, much like a family is a collection of folks who share genetics, traits, etc. In the same way, types can share operations and methods that only that type has access to.

Most commonly used types in Go are as follows:

Boolean
Numeric
String
Array
Slice
Map
Struct

These are some more commonly used types, we will cover these in a later post:

Pointer
Function
Interface
Channel

Type declaration

To create a new type, you simply use the type keyword:

type (
    LightsaberColor string
)

A new type, LightsaberColor has now been created in your program. A few things to note that is happening in this declaration:

this declaration binds an identifier (LightsaberColor) to a type name, string.
there are two forms of type declarations, alias declarations and type definitions (the example above is a type definition)

An alias declaration also binds an identifier to the given type, and are not meant for everyday use. Their purpose was to support large refactors involving moving a type between multiple and/or large packages.

You can create an alias declaration like this:

type (
    LightsaberColor = JediLightsaberColor
)

Notice that these types now denote the same type. JediLightsaberColor can now be used as a replacement for LightsaberColor.

Underlying type

Every type has what is called an underlying type. This is essentially the underbelly or the source of types that is bound to the declared type. Let me give you an example:

type (
    BountyHunter string
)

This underlying type of BountyHunter is string. Common types such as: bool, string, int are called predeclared identifiers. This just means that they are implicitly declared in the universe block (encompasses all Go source text).

Type identity

When discussing types, two can only be identical or different. Let me give you a few examples that will help differentiate the two.

Identical

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

type (
    Jedi = bool
    Yoda = bool
)

var j Jedi
var y Yoda

func main() {
    fmt.Printf("%T\n", j)
    // bool
    fmt.Printf("%T", y)
    // bool
}

Jedi is of the type bool, Yoda is also of type bool. This is also an example of an alias declaration.

Different

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

type (
    Sith = string
)

type (
    Emperor = Sith
    Yoda    string
)

var s Sith
var e Emperor
var y Yoda

func main() {
    fmt.Printf("%T\n", s)
    // string
    fmt.Printf("%T\n", e)
    // string
    fmt.Printf("%T", y)
    // main.Yoda
}

although Yoda and Emperor have the same underlying types, they were created in separate type definitions

Type definitions

creates a new, distinct type with the same underlying type and operations as the given type and binds an identifier to it

Let me break down this definition by showing you how to create a type definition

type (
    HasTheForce bool
)

Here we have done a few things:

created a distinct type HasTheForce
bound the identifier HasTheForce to it

this distinct type has the same type and its underlying type: bool

Boolean

represents a set of truth values denoted by predeclared constants true and false

Note: the predeclared boolean type is bool

Numeric

represents a set of integers or floating-point values

These types get pretty extensive, for now, I will show the differences between integers and floating-point.

Integers

whole numbers, no decimals

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    x := 42
    fmt.Printf("%T", x)
    // int
}

Floating Point

"real" numbers, contains decimals

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    x := 42.12345
    fmt.Printf("%T", x)
    // float64
}

String

represents a set of string values, a string value is a (potentially empty) sequence of bytes

Things to note:

the number of bytes is the "length" of the string
the "length" can never be negative
they are immutable - once created you can not change the contents

Note: the predeclared string type is string

func main() {
    x := "do or do not, there is no try"
    fmt.Printf("%T", x)
    // string
}

You can get the length of a string by using the built-in function len:

func main() {
    x := "do or do not, there is no try"
    fmt.Println(len(x))
    // 29
}

Array

numbered sequence of a single type (element type)

Things to note:

the number of elements in an array is the length
the length of an array can never be negative
the length is a part of an array's type - it's value is of type int

Here is an example of an array:

func main() {
    var a [10]int
    fmt.Printf("%T", a)
    // [10]int
}

Note: we use the var keyword here because we are declaring an array of type int, we can not use the short variable declaration (:=) here because we are binding a type to a.

You can get the length of an array by using the built-in function len (just like with strings):

func main() {
    var a [10]int
    fmt.Println(len(a))
    // 10
}

Note: I am also passing the length of the array by placing the value 10 in between the brackets.

I have found that arrays are not commonly used in Go, slice is far more common.

Slice

continuous segments with an underlying type of array and gives access to a numbered sequence

Essentially, a slice allows you to gather values of the same type.

A common practice in declaring a slice is by using a composite literal.

A composite literal is composed of a few things, the type and the value.

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    // composite literal
    cl := []int{4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
    fmt.Println(cl)
    // [1 2 3 4]

}

Let me explain what is happening:

we declare the variable cl using a short variable declaration
we bind it's value to the type slice that will contain the type int ([]int)
we then assign the values 1 2 3 4 to cl by placing them between brackets {}

Note: when creating a composite literal all values have to be of the same type

Because slice is built on top of an array, when the length of that slice changes a few things happen:

a new array is created underneath
old values are copied over
the old array is thrown away

As you can assume, this can potentially take a lot of processing power. To avoid this, we can use the make function.

package main

func main() {
    a := make([]int, 10 , 10)
    fmt.Println(a)
    // [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
}

A few things to note:

make's first parameter has to be the slice type
make's second parameter is the length
make's third and optional parameter is the capacity of the slice

Let's see it in action.

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    x := make([]int, 5, 5)
    fmt.Println(x)
    // [0 0 0 0 0]
}

As you can see the slice length and capacity is five and will print five 0 values. What happens if we try to go over the slice capacity?

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    x := make([]int, 5, 5)
    x[5] = 6
    fmt.Println(x)
    // [0 0 0 0 0]
}

Here, I am attempting to manually assign a value to the 5th indexed position of this slice. When I do I get this compile error:

panic: runtime error: index out of range [5] with length 5

Go not only prevents us from going off the rails with our code, but gives us precise control over our data.

In Summary

There are so many more features of slice I want to discuss, and what's funny is, I have not even touched on map or struct yet. I like to keep these posts at a 5-10 minute read; therefore, my next entry will be more on slice, map, and struct. I am excited to share what I have learned with you. Until next time!

What is a Type in Go?