Express is a fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for Node.js - docs

Error handling is a routine that one can not do without while building an application either in Express or in any other language.

When building API endpoints using Express or any other framework/library, validation checks are always necessary for each use case, and there's always a need to return an error response to the user. Handling these errors and returning a response for every validation becomes very tedious and makes the codebase messy.
Let's consider an example below:

const validateUser = async (req, res, next) => {
  try {
    const { email, password } = req.body
    if (!email || !password) {
      return res.status(400).json({
        status: 'error',
        message: 'Missing required email and password fields',
      })
    }
    const user = await db.User.findOne({ where: { email }});
    if (!user) {
      return res.status(404).json({
        status: 'error',
        message: 'User with the specified email does not exists',
      })
    }
    next()
  } catch (error) {
    return res.status(500).json({
      status: 'error',
      message: 'An error occurred trying to process your request',
    })
  }
}

Looking at the snippet above, you'd agree with me that it's already looking messy with the returning of error response at every checkpoint. If only that's the code in your codebase, then it wouldn't matter, the matter arises when you have to repeat the same approach across several methods or functions in your codebase.

Before we dive deep to finding a solution to make the snippet above better, let's look at what we need to have for this article:

Requirements

NodeJs installed
npm or yarn installed
Knowledge of Nodejs/Express

Note: This article assumes that the reader already has a basic knowledge of NodeJs/Express. Hence some details may be skipped.

To follow along, clone the repository used for this article here.

Step 1. Create a custom **Error* constructor*
We need to create a custom Error constructor which extends the JavaScript Error constructor.

In the project you cloned earlier, create a directory called helpers. Inside the helpers directory, create a file called error.js

Add the snippet below into the error.js

class ErrorHandler extends Error {
  constructor(statusCode, message) {
    super();
    this.statusCode = statusCode;
    this.message = message;
  }
}
module.exports = {
  ErrorHandler
}

Notice that we exported the ErrorHandler so that we can import it from the index.js file.

Next up, we need to create a function for returning a formatted error response to the user.

Add the snippet below into the error.js file.

const handleError = (err, res) => {
  const { statusCode, message } = err;
  res.status(statusCode).json({
    status: "error",
    statusCode,
    message
  });
};

Update the module.exports block to contain the handleError function as show below:

module.exports = {
  ErrorHandler,
  handleError
}

Step 2. Create the Error-handling middleware

Middleware functions are functions that have access to the request object (req), the response object (res), and the next middleware function in the application’s request-response cycle.
The next middleware function is commonly denoted by a variable named next. Express docs

The error-handling middleware is a special type of middleware that accepts four arguments as opposed to a regular middleware. The first argument is the error object.
The snippet below shows an example of an error-handling middleware:

function(err, req, res, next) {
  //code goes here
}

In the index.js, let's add an error-handling middleware, before then, let's import the handleError function inside the index.js;

The index.js file should look like shown below:

const express = require('express')
const { handleError } = require('./helpers/error')
const app = express()

app.use(express.json())
const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  return res.status(200).json('Hello world'); 
})

app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
  handleError(err, res);
});
app.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`server listening at port ${PORT}`))

Notice how we called the handleError function passing the error object and the response object to it.

Note: The error-handling middleware must be the last among other middleware and routes for it to function correctly.

Now anywhere in the application that you want to check for error, all you need to do is to throw the ErrorHandler constructor.
We can now apply the error-handling mechanism to refactor the messy code we had earlier. It should look like shown below:

const validateUser = async (req, res, next) => {
  try {
    const { email, password } = req.body
    if (!email || !password) {
      throw new ErrorHandler(404, 'Missing required email and password fields')
    }
    const user = await  db.User.findOne({ where: { email }});
    if (!user) {
      throw new ErrorHandler(404, 'User with the specified email does not exists')
    }
    next()
  } catch (error) {
    next(error)
  }
}

Notice how we passed the error to the next function above. What that simply does is to pass the error to the error-handling middleware we defined in index.js.

Let's add a route to test our error-handling mechanism that we just created. In the index.js add the snippet below:

app.get('/error', (req, res) => {
  throw new ErrorHandler(500, 'Internal server error');
})

Remember to import the ErrorHandler in index.js. It should look like shown below:

const { handleError, ErrorHandler } = require('./helpers/error')

Start the server by running, npm start and then visit the route /error. You'd get a response similar to the one shown below:

{
    "status": "error",
    "statusCode": 500,
    "message": "Internal server error"
}

Conclusion

In this article, we've established the need to have a central error handler in our Express application. We also demonstrated the steps that we need to take to implement a central error handler.

If you have any question or contributions to make this article better, kindly reach out to me via Twitter.
Thanks for reading through. ✌️

Central Error Handling in Express

Requirements

Conclusion