Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are slow-growing brain tumors infiltrating the central nervous system which tend to recur, often with malignant degeneration after primary treatment. Re-operations are not always recommended due to an assumed higher risk of neurological and cognitive deficits. However, this assumption is relatively ungrounded due to a lack of extensive neuropsychological testing. We retrospectively examined a series of 40 patients with recurrent glioma in eloquent areas of the left hemisphere, who all completed comprehensive pre- (T3) and post-surgical (T4) neuropsychological assessments after a second surgery (4-month follow up). The lesions were most frequent in the left insular cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus. Among this series, in 17 patients the cognitive outcomes were compared before the first surgery (T1), 4 months after the first surgery (T2), and at T3 and T4. There was no significant difference either in the number of patients scoring within the normal range between T3 and T4, or in their level of performance. Further addressing the T1-T4 evolution, there was no significant difference in the number of patients scoring within the normal range. As to their level of performance, the only significant change was in phonological fluency. This longitudinal follow-up study showed that repeated glioma surgery is possible without major damage to cognitive functions in the short-term period (4 months) after surgery.Young women with breast cancer have disproportionately poor clinical outcomes compared to their older counterparts. The underlying biological differences behind this age-dependent disparity are still unknown and warrant investigation. Recently, the tumor immune landscape has received much attention for its prognostic value and therapeutic targets. The differential tumor immune landscape between age groups in breast cancer has not yet been characterized, and may contribute to the age-related differences in clinical outcomes. Trilaciclib order Computational deconvolution was used to quantify abundance of immune cell types from bulk transcriptome profiles of breast cancer patients from two independent datasets. No significant differences in immune cell composition that were consistent in the two cohorts were found between the young and old age groups. Regardless of absence of significant differences, the higher tumor infiltration of several immune cell types, such as CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells, was associated with better clinical outcomes in the young but not in the old age group. Mutational signatures analysis showed signatures previously not found in breast cancer to be associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) levels in the young age group, whereas in the old group, all significant signatures were those previously found in breast cancer. Pathway analysis revealed different gene sets associated with TIL levels for each age group from the two cohorts. Overall, our results show trends towards better clinical outcomes for high TIL levels, especially CD8+ T cells, but only in the young age group. Furthermore, our work suggests that the underlying biological differences may involve multiple levels of tumor physiology.BACKGROUND Preoperative imaging impacts treatment planning and prognosis in laryngeal cancers. We investigated the accuracy of standard computed tomography (CT) in evaluating tumor invasions at critical glottic areas. METHODS CT scans of glottic cancers treated by partial or total laryngectomy between Jan 2015 and Aug 2019 were reviewed to assess levels of tumor invasion at critical glottic subsites. CT accuracy in the identification of tumor extensions was determined against the gold standard of histopathological analysis of surgical samples. RESULTS This study included 64 patients. In the anterior commissure, CT showed high rates of false positives at all levels (sensitivity 56.2-70%, specificity 87.8-92.3%); in the anterior vocal fold, it overestimated the deep invasion (19.5% specificity, 90.3% sensitivity), while it underestimated the extralaryngeal spread (63.6% sensitivity, 98.1% specificity). In the posterior paraglottic space (pPGS), false negative results were more frequent for superficial extensions (25% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity) and deep invasions (58.8% sensitivity, 82.3% specificity). Shorter disease-specific and disease-free survivals were associated with pStage IV (p 0.045 and 0.008) and with the pathological involvement of pPGS (p 0.045 and 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Negative prognostic correlation of pPGS involvement was confirmed on histopathological data. CT staging did not provide a satisfactory prognostic stratification and should be complemented with magnetic resonance imaging.A highly sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor without external bias was developed in this study. The biosensor was configured with a p-Cu2O and n-ZnO heterostructure. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOTPSS) was used to improve the crystal structure of Cu2O and ZnO and reduce the defects in the Cu2O/ZnO interface. This fabrication method provided the highly crystallized Cu2O/ZnO structure with excellent electrical property and photoresponse in visible light. The structure was applied to a biosensor for detecting two different cancerous levels of esophageal cells, namely, OE21 and OE21-1, with a high gain in photocurrent (5.8 and 6.2 times, respectively) and a low detection limit (3000 cells in 50 μL). We believe that such a p-n heterojunction PEC biosensor could advance biosensor development and provide a promising candidate for biomedical applications.Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene-modified T cells (CAR T cells) can eradicate B cell malignancies via recognition of surface-expressed B lineage antigens. Antigen escape remains a major mechanism of relapse and is a key barrier for expanding the use of CAR T cells towards solid cancers with their more diverse surface antigen repertoires. In this review we discuss strategies by which cancers become amenable to effective CAR T cell therapy despite heterogeneous phenotypes. Pharmaceutical approaches have been reported that selectively upregulate individual target antigens on the cancer cell surface to sensitize antigen-negative subclones for recognition by CARs. In addition, advanced T cell engineering strategies now enable CAR T cells to interact with more than a single antigen simultaneously. Still, the choice of adequate targets reliably and selectively expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells but not normal cells, ideally by driving tumor growth, is limited, and even dual or triple antigen targeting is unlikely to cure most solid tumors.Trilaciclib order