Passkeys are a relative new term and probably started to get mainstream when Apple announced their support for that tech in iOS 16 and macOS Ventura (released in 2022).
This technology is here to replace passwords and is based on two primary specifications, WebAuthn and CTAP.
The beauty with this solution is that the secret (private key) is never leaving your device and there are new passkeys for each site you use, which makes it less easy to track you as a user.
To access your passkeys you will use facial recognition or your fingerprint depending on the support on your device.
Go to Passkey.org (created by Yubico) to try it out and get more information regarding passkeys.