If you own and use a smartphone capable of connecting to arbitrary computers all over the world, then you are a user of Radio Access Networks (RAN). A RAN is provided by your cellular provider, and it handles wireless connections between your smartphone and your communication provider.

While your smartphone may be running an open source operating system (Android) and the server you try to access is probably running Linux, there's a lot of proprietary technology in between to make the connection happen. While you may have a basic understanding of how networking works locally, this knowledge stops when you plug a SIM card into your smartphone in order to make a connection with a cell tower possible. In fact, the majority of software and hardware components in and around a cell tower are still closed source, which of course has some drawbacks. This is where OpenRAN comes into play.

The OpenRAN initiative (shorthand for Open Radio Access Network) was started by the O-Ran Alliance, a worldwide community of mobile operators, vendors, and research and academic institutions. The initiative aims to define open standards between the various components of radio access networks. Interoperability between components of different manufacturers was not possible. Until now.

Radio Access Network

But what exactly is a RAN? In a nutshell, a RAN establishes a wireless connection to devices (smartphones, for example) and connects them to the core network of the communication company. In the context of a RAN, devices are denoted as User Equipment (UE).

The tasks of a RAN can be summarized as follows:

Authentication of UE

The handover of UE to another RAN (if the UE is moving)

Forwarding the data between the UE and the core network

Provision of the data for accounting functions (billing of services or the transmitted data)

Control of access to the various services

OpenRAN

RAN usually consists of proprietary components. OpenRAN defines functional units and interfaces between them:

Radio Unit (RU): The RU is connected to the antenna and sends, receives, amplifies, and digitizes radio signals.

Distributed Unit (DU): Handles the PHY, MAC and RLC layer.
Centralised Unit (CU): Handles the RRC and PDCP layer.

RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC): Control and optimization o
Units are connected to each other by standardized, open interfaces. Furthermore, if the units can be virtualized and deployed in the cloud or on an edge device, then it's called a vRAN (virtual Radio Access Network). The basic principle of vRAN is to decouple the hardware from the software by using a software-based virtualization layer. Using a vRAN improves flexibility in terms of scalability and the underlying hardware.