By varying this single parameter and simulating epidemic spread, we are able to identify how more frequent local movement can lead to strong spatial correlation and, thus, induce subexponential outbreak dynamics with lower, later epidemic peaks. Also, the ratio of peak height to final size was much smaller when movement was highly spatially correlated. We investigate the topological properties of our networks via a generalized clustering coefficient that extends beyond immediate neighborhoods, identifying very strong correlations between fourth-order clustering and nonstandard epidemic dynamics. Our results motivate the observation of both incidence and socio-spatial human behavior during epidemics that exhibit nonstandard incidence patterns.The electronic Seebeck response in a conductor involves the energy-dependent mean free path of the charge carriers and is affected by crystal structure, scattering from boundaries and defects, and strain. Previous photothermoelectric (PTE) studies have suggested that the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline metal nanowires are related to grain structure, although direct evidence linking crystal microstructure to the PTE response is difficult to elucidate. Here, we show that room temperature scanning PTE measurements are sensitive probes that can detect subtle changes in the local Seebeck coefficient of gold tied to the underlying defects and strain that mediate crystal deformation. This connection is revealed through a combination of scanning PTE and electron microscopy measurements of single-crystal and bicrystal gold microscale devices. Unexpectedly, the photovoltage maps strongly correlate with gradually varying crystallographic misorientations detected by electron backscatter diffraction. The effects of individual grain boundaries and differing grain orientations on the PTE signal are minimal. This scanning PTE technique shows promise for identifying minor structural distortions in nanoscale materials and devices.Living organisms have developed a wide range of appearances from iridescent to matte textures. Interestingly, angular-independent structural colors, where isotropy in the scattering structure is present, only produce coloration in the blue wavelength region of the visible spectrum. One might, therefore, wonder if such observation is a limitation of the architecture of the palette of materials available in nature. Here, by exploiting numerical modeling, we discuss the origin of isotropic structural colors without restriction to a specific light scattering regime. We show that high color purity and color saturation cannot be reached in isotropic short-range order structures for red hues. This conclusion holds even in the case of advanced scatterer morphologies, such as core-shell particles or inverse photonic glasses-explaining recent experimental findings reporting very poor performances of visual appearance for such systems.Prions are infectious agents which cause rapidly lethal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals following long, clinically silent incubation periods. They are composed of multichain assemblies of misfolded cellular prion protein. While it has long been assumed that prions are themselves neurotoxic, recent development of methods to obtain exceptionally pure prions from mouse brain with maintained strain characteristics, and in which defined structures-paired rod-like double helical fibers-can be definitively correlated with infectivity, allowed a direct test of this assertion. Here we report that while brain homogenates from symptomatic prion-infected mice are highly toxic to cultured neurons, exceptionally pure intact high-titer infectious prions are not directly neurotoxic. We further show that treatment of brain homogenates from prion-infected mice with sodium lauroylsarcosine destroys toxicity without diminishing infectivity. This is consistent with models in which prion propagation and toxicity can be mechanistically uncoupled.
Tobacco products are ubiquitously available in Bangladesh. There are currently no restrictions on who can sell tobacco products and where they are allowed to be sold. The objective of this study was to explore tobacco retailers' views regarding tobacco retail licensing (TRL) in Bangladesh.

A two-stage cluster sampling procedure was used to collect data from a representative sample of 472 tobacco retailers (97% response rate) in Dhaka city in 2018 through face-to-face interviews using a semistructured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, X
tests and logistic regression.

The majority (79%) of the retailers reported that they would support TRL, and 68% were interested in applying for TRL if adopted. Support for TRL was higher among those with a university degree (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8 to 5.3) and among those with knowledge about existing tobacco control regulations (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8). Furthermore, support for TRL was significantly higher among those who believed that it would restrict tobacco retailing locations (AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.0) and prevent tobacco sales to minors (AOR 3.5, 95% CI 2.2 to 5.5).

This sample of tobacco retailers in Bangladesh supported TRL. TRL advocacy efforts could draw on this support.
This sample of tobacco retailers in Bangladesh supported TRL. TRL advocacy efforts could draw on this support.
Exposure to smoking in films is a recognised cause of smoking uptake among children. In India, in an attempt to protect children, films containing smoking are required to include tobacco control messaging including audiovisual disclaimers, on-screen health warnings when tobacco imagery is displayed and antitobacco 'health spots' before and during the film. GSK3326595 order We report a study of the association between ever smoking and exposure to tobacco imagery in locally popular films among children in Udupi district of Karnataka state in southern India.

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of all students in grades 6-8 in schools in the Udupi district ascertained smoking status and potential confounders of smoking uptake, and whether children had seen any of 27 locally popular films we had coded and found to contain imagery of actual or implied tobacco use. Ever-smoking status was defined as any reported smoking of cigarettes, beedis or other tobacco products currently or at any time in the past. Independent effects on ever-smoking status were estimated using multiple logistic regression.GSK3326595 order