In this guide, we'll explain how to install and use headless Firefox with Selenium, Playwright, and Puppeteer. Additionally, we'll go over a practical example of automating each of these libraries for common tasks when scraping web pages.

Headless Firefox With Selenium

Let's start our guide by exploring Selenium headless Firefox. First, we'll have to install Selenium using the following pip command:

pip install selenium

The above command will install Selenium4. It allows us to download the WebDriver binaries automatically, either for Chrome or Firefox:

from selenium import webdriver 
from selenium.webdriver import FirefoxOptions

# selenium firefox browser options
options = FirefoxOptions()
options.add_argument("-headless")

# initiating the browser and download the webdriver 
with webdriver.Firefox(options=options) as driver: 
    # go to the target web page
    driver.get("https://httpbin.dev/user-agent")

    print(driver.page_source)
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:124.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/124.0"

In the above code, we start by defining basic browser configuration using the FirefoxOptions class. Then, we use the webdriver.Firefox constructor to create a Selenium Firefox instance, which also downloads the Firefox WebDriver binaries automatically. Finally, we request the target web page and return the HTML content.

The above code uses the -headless argument to run Selenium Firefox headless (without a graphical user interface). To run it in the headful mode , we can simply remove the argument and add an optional browser viewport size :

from selenium import webdriver 
from selenium.webdriver import FirefoxOptions

# selenium firefox browser options
options = FirefoxOptions()
# browser viewport size
options.add_argument("--width=1920")
options.add_argument("--height=1080")

# initiating the browser and download the webdriver 
with webdriver.Firefox(options=options) as driver: 
    # ...

Now that we can spin a Firefox headless browser. We can automate it with the regular Selenium API.

Basic Selenium Firefox Navigation

In this guide, we'll create a headless Firefox scraping script to automate the login process on web-scraping.dev/login. We'll request the target page URL, accept the cookie policy, fill in the login credentials, and click the login button:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # go to the target web page
    driver.get("https://web-scraping.dev/login?cookies=")

    # define a timeout
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=5)

    # accept the cookie policy
    wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button#cookie-ok")))
    driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button#cookie-ok").click()

    # wait for the login form
    wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button[type='submit']")))

    # fill in the login credentails
    username_button = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[name='username']")
    username_button.clear()
    username_button.send_keys("user123")

    password_button = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[name='password']")
    password_button.clear()
    password_button.send_keys("password")

    # click the login submit button
    driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button[type='submit']").click()

    # wait for an element on the login redirected page
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "div#secret-message")))

    secret_message = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "div#secret-message").text
    print(f"The secret message is: {secret_message}")
    "The secret message is: 🤫"

Here, we define timeouts to wait for specific elements to appear using Selenium's expected conditions. Then, we use find_element method to find the elements and click them.

For further details on using Selenium for web scraping, refer to our dedicated guide.

Headless Firefox With Playwright

Let's explore headless Firefox scraping with Playwright, a popular web browser automation tool with straightforward APIs.

We'll cover using Playwright headless Firefox in both Python and Node.js APIs. First, install Playwright using the following command:

Python:

pip install playwright

Node.js

npm install playwright

Next, install the Firefox WebDriver binaries using the following command:

Python

playwright install firefox

Node.js

npx playwright install firefox

To start headless Firefox with Playwright, we have to explicitly select the browser type:

Python

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    # launch playwright firefox browser
    browser = playwright.firefox.launch(headless=True)

    # new browser session with the default settings
    context = browser.new_context()

    # new browser tab
    page = context.new_page()

    # request the target page url
    page.goto("https://httpbin.dev/user-agent")

    # get the page HTML
    print(page.content())
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:123.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/123.0"

Node.js

const { firefox } = require('playwright');

(async () => {
    // launch playwright firefox browser
    const browser = await firefox.launch({ headless: true });

    // new browser session with the default settings
    const context = await browser.newContext();

    // new browser tab
    const page = await context.newPage();

    // request the target page url
    await page.goto('https://httpbin.dev/user-agent');

    // get the page HTML
    const content = await page.content();
    console.log(content);
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:124.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/124.0"

    // close the browser
    await browser.close();
})();

Here, we start a Playwright headless Firefox and create a new browser context with the default settings, including headers and localization. Then, we open a Playwright page and request the target page URL.

The above code runs the browser instance in the headless mode. To use the headful mode, we can disable the headless option and define the browser viewport:

Python

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    # disable the headless mode
    browser = playwright.firefox.launch(headless=False)

    # define the browser viewport
    context = browser.new_context(
        viewport = { "width": 1280, "height": 1024 }
    )

Node.js

const { firefox } = require('playwright');

(async () => {
    // disable the headless mode
    const browser = await firefox.launch({ headless: false });

    // define the browser viewport
    const context = await browser.newContext({
        viewport: { width: 1920, height: 1080 }
    });

Next, let's explore automating the Playwright Firefox browser for scraping.

Basic Playwright Firefox Navigation

Let's automate the previous web-scraping.dev/login example using Playwright:

Python

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

with sync_playwright() as playwright:
    browser = playwright.firefox.launch(headless=True)
    context = browser.new_context()
    page = context.new_page()

    # request the target web page
    page.goto("https://web-scraping.dev/login?cookies=")

    # accept the cookie policy
    page.click("button#cookie-ok")

    # wait for the login form
    page.wait_for_selector("button[type='submit']")

    # wait for the page to fully load
    page.wait_for_load_state("networkidle")

    # fill in the login credentials
    page.fill("input[name='username']", "user123")
    page.fill("input[name='password']", "password")

    # click the login submit button    
    page.click("button[type='submit']")

    # wait for an element on the login redirected page
    page.wait_for_selector("div#secret-message")

    secret_message = page.inner_text("div#secret-message")
    print(f"The secret message is {secret_message}")
    "The secret message is 🤫"

Node.js

const { firefox } = require('playwright');

(async () => {
  const browser = await firefox.launch({ headless: true });
  const context = await browser.newContext();
  const page = await context.newPage();

  // request the target web page
  await page.goto('https://web-scraping.dev/login?cookies=');

  // wait for the page to fully load
  await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');

  // accept the cookie policy
  await page.click("button#cookie-ok")

  // wait for the login form
  page.waitForSelector("button[type='submit']")  

  // fill in the login credentials
  await page.fill("input[name='username']", "user123");
  await page.fill("input[name='password']", "password");

  // click the login submit button    
  await page.click("button[type='submit']");

  // wait for an element on the login redirected page
  await page.waitForSelector("div#secret-message");

  const secretMessage = await page.innerText("div#secret-message");
  console.log(`The secret message is ${secretMessage}`);
  "The secret message is 🤫"

  // close the browser
  await browser.close();
})();

Let's break down the above Playwright Firefox scraping code. We start by initiating a Firefox browser and navigating to the target page URL. Next, we use a combination of Playwright page methods to:

Wait for specific selectors, as well as the load state.
Select, fill, and click elements.

Check our dedicated guide for more details on web scraping with Playwright.

Headless Firefox With Puppeteer

Finally, let's explore using Puppeteer for headless Firefox. First, install the puppeteer library package using npm:

npm install puppeteer

Next, install the Firefox browser binaries:

npx puppeteer browsers install firefox

To use headless Firefox with Puppeteer, we can specify firefox as the product:

const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');

(async () => {
    // launch the puppeteer browser 
    const browser = await puppeteer.launch({
        // use firefox as the browser name
        product: 'firefox',
        // run in the headless mode
        headless: true
    })

    // start a browser page
    const page = await browser.newPage();

    // goto the target web page
    await page.goto('https://httpbin.dev/user-agent');

    // get the page HTML
    console.log(await page.content());
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:126.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/126.0"

    // close the browser
    await browser.close();
})();

The above code will run the headless browser in the headless mode. To run Firefox in the headful mode, we can disable the headless parameter and define the browser viewport:

const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');

(async () => {
    const browser = await puppeteer.launch({
        product: 'firefox',
        headless: false
    })
    const page = await browser.newPage();
    await page.setViewport({width: 1920, height: 1080});
})();

Next, let's explore headless Firefox scraping with Puppeteer through our previous example.

Basic Puppeteer Firefox Navigation

Here's how we can wait, click, and fill elements with Puppeteer:

const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');

(async () => {
    const browser = await puppeteer.launch({
        product: 'firefox',
        headless: true
    })

    // create a browser page
    const page = await browser.newPage();

    // go to the target web page
    await page.goto(
        'https://web-scraping.dev/login?cookies=',
        { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' }
    );

    // wait for 500 milliseconds        
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 500));

    // accept the cookie policy
    await page.click('button#cookie-ok')    

    // wait for the login form
    await page.waitForSelector('button[type="submit"]')

    // fill in the login credentials
    await page.$eval('input[name="username"]', (el, value) => el.value = value, 'user123');
    await page.$eval('input[name="password"]', (el, value) => el.value = value, 'password');    
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 500));

    // click the login button and wait for navigation
    await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
    await page.waitForSelector('div#secret-message');    

    secretMessage = await page.$eval('div#secret-message', node => node.innerHTML)
    console.log(`The secret message is ${secretMessage}`);

    // close the browser
    await browser.close();    
})();

Let's break down the above Puppeteer scraping execution flow. We start by launching a Puppeteer headless browser and then request the target web page. Then, we click and fill in the required elements while utilizing timeout to wait for them or the page to load. Finally, we use a CSS selector to parse the secret message element from the HTML.

For more details on web scraping with Puppeteer, refer to our dedicated guide, as well as our Puppeteer-stealth guide, which prevents Puppeteer scraper blocking.

FAQ

In this quick guide, we went through a step-by-step guide on scraping with headless Firefox in Selenium, Playwright, and Puppeteer.

How to block resources with Firefox headless browsers?

Blocking headless browser resources can significantly increase web scraping speed. For full details, refer to our dedicated article pages on blocking resources for each browser automation library: Selenium, Playwright, and Puppeteer.

How to scrape background requests with Firefox headless browser?

Inspecting background requests with Firefox is natively supported in Playwright and Puppeteer. As for Selenium, it's available through selenium-wire.

Summary

In this quick guide, we went through a step-by-step guide on scraping with headless Firefox in Selenium, Playwright, and Puppeteer.

Furthermore, we have explored common browser navigation mechanisms to perform web scraping with Firefox:

Waiting for load states, page navigation, and selectors.
Selecting elements, clicking buttons, and filling out forms.

How to Scrape With Headless Firefox

Headless Firefox With Selenium

Basic Selenium Firefox Navigation

Headless Firefox With Playwright

Basic Playwright Firefox Navigation

Headless Firefox With Puppeteer

Basic Puppeteer Firefox Navigation

FAQ

How to block resources with Firefox headless browsers?

How to scrape background requests with Firefox headless browser?

Summary