AndreasSince I wrote my first lines of code in Python, I was fascinated by its simplicity, excellent readability and its popular one-liners in particular. In the following, I want to present and explain some of these one-liners - maybe there are a few you didn't already know and are useful for your next Python project.
1. Swap two variables
# a = 1; b = 2
a, b = b, a
# print(a,b) >> 2 1
Let's start with a classic: swapping the values of variables by simply swapping positions on assignment - the most intuitive way in my opinion. No need to use a temporary variable. It even works with more than two variables.
2. Multiple variable assignment
a, b, *c = [1,2,3,4,5]
# print(a,b,c) >> 1 2 [3, 4, 5]
Swapping variables is actually a special case of Pythons ability to assign multiple variables at once. Here you can use it to assign list elements to the given variables, which is also called unpacking. The * will do packing the remaining values again, which results in a sublist for c. It even works for every other position of * (e.g. the beginning or middle part of the list).
3. Sum over every second element of a list
# a = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
s = sum(a[1::2])
# print(s) >> 12
No need for a special reduce function here, sum just adds the items of every given iterable. The extended slicing syntax [::] is used here to return every second element. You can read it as [start : stop : step], so [1::2] translates to start with the element of index 1 (second element), don't stop until the list ends (no argument given for second parameter) and always take 2 steps.
4. Delete multiple elements
# a = [1,2,3,4,5]
del a[::2]
# print(a) >> [2, 4]
The extended slicing syntax can also be used to delete multiple list elements at once.
5. Read file into array of lines
c = [line.strip() for line in open('file.txt')]
# print(c) >> ['test1', 'test2', 'test3', 'test4']
With Pythons inline for loop you can easily read a file into an array of lines. The strip() is needed to remove the trailing line breaks. If you want to keep them or they don't matter to you, you can use an even shorter one-liner:
c = list(open('file.txt'))
# print(c) >> ['test1\n', 'test2\n', 'test3\n', 'test4\n']
It's really that simple to read a file in Python. Side note: you can also use the readlines() method if you like.
6. Write string to file
with open('file.txt', 'a') as f: f.write('hello world')
# print(list(open('file.txt'))) >> ['test1\n', 'test2\n', 'test3\n', 'test4\n', 'hello world']
With the help of the with statement, you can directly write content to a file. Make sure to use the correct mode to open the file (here 'a' for appending content).
7. List creation
l = [('Hi ' + x) for x in ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Pete']]
# print(l) >> ['Hi Alice', 'Hi Bob', 'Hi Pete']
Lists can be dynamically created from other lists with the inline for loop. You can directly modify the values, like string concatenation in this example.
8. List mapping
l = list(map(int, ['1', '2', '3']))
# print(l) >> [1, 2, 3]
You can also use Pythons map() function to cast every list element to another type.
9. Set creation
squares = { x**2 for x in range(6) if x < 4 }
# print(squares) >> {0, 1, 4, 9}
It's similar with sets. In addition to the inline for loop, you can even directly append a condition!
10. Palindrome check
# phrase = 'deleveled'
isPalindrome = phrase == phrase[::-1]
# print(isPalindrome) >> true
A palindrome is a series of characters that read the same both forwards and backwards. Normally you would need some looping and conditions to check, if a given string is a palindrome. In Python, you just compare the string with its reverse string. Instead of using the slicing operator [::-1], you can also use the reverse() function to reverse the string.
Bonus: The Zen of Python
import this
Well, this one needs no explanation. Just try it yourself by simply entering it in your Python shell 😊🎉
Wrap it up
We've seen some (admittedly simple) examples of Python one-liners, that are powerful and well readable at the same time. Maybe you know another helpful one-liner? Share it with us in the comments!
Published: 29th July 2020
