You always wanted to learn the essentials of CSS animations? Me too! Let's do it together in 5 minutes by creating some pure CSS loading animations.

Before we start

CSS animations are already some years old. Browser support is completely given for the current versions of all major browsers. We will cover a fallback for older browsers at the end of this tutorial.

The syntax

Let's dive directly in by looking at the following example:

<!-- HTML -->
<div class="simple-spinner"></div>

/* CSS */
.simple-spinner {
  height: 48px;
  width: 48px;
  border: 5px solid rgba(150, 150, 150, 0.2);
  border-radius: 50%;
  border-top-color: rgb(150, 150, 150);
  animation: rotate 1s 0s infinite ease-in-out alternate;
}
@keyframes rotate {
  0%   { transform: rotate(0);      }
  100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

// RESULT

Looks pretty cool already! What's happening here? First we build a ring by giving a <div> the same width and height, a border where one single side has a different color and applying a border-radius of 50%. To apply an animation, we see two things:

1. Define the animation property on the element we want to animate
2. Define a @keyframes rule

The animation property

animation is a shorthand property to set multiple animation properties at once. Let's take the example above and look at them in detail:

This means, we specified an animation called "rotate", one cycle (360°) lasts one second, there is no start delay, the animation itself lasts forever, animation progress is not linear and it alternates back and forth (every second cycle is backwards).

Note: To be complete, there are also animation-fill-mode and animation-play-state, but we won't cover those two properties in this tutorial.

The @keyframes rule

Now let's come to the part, where the animation is actually created. With the help of @keyframes, you can specify states along the animation timeline. For each state, you can define when to appear (a percentage of the animation time) and which style declarations to apply.

Our example above animates from 0% transform: rotate(0); (no rotation) to 100% transform: rotate(360deg); (one complete rotation).

Of course the same @keyframes rule can be used by multiple elements. Here is an example of two elements with a different animation rule, using the same @keyframes declaration:

<!-- HTML -->
<div class="double-spinner"></div>

/* CSS */
.double-spinner {
  height: 48px;
  width: 48px;
  border: 5px solid rgba(150, 150, 150, 0.2);
  border-radius: 50%;
  border-top-color: rgb(150, 150, 150);
  animation: rotate 1s 0s infinite linear normal;
}
.double-spinner::after {
  content: '';
  height: 40%;
  width: 40%;
  display: block;
  margin: 10px auto;
  border: inherit;
  border-radius: inherit;
  border-top-color: inherit;
  animation: rotate .5s 0s infinite linear reverse;
}
@keyframes rotate {
  0%   { transform: rotate(0);      }
  100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

// RESULT

For the start and end states (0% and 100%) you can also use the keywords from and to like this:

@keyframes rotate {
  from { transform: rotate(0);      }
  to   { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

Let's look at an example with some more states:

<!-- HTML -->
<div class="flip-walker"></div>

/* CSS */
.flip-walker {
  width: 64px;
  height: 64px;
}
.flip-walker::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 50%;
  height: 50%;
  background: rgba(150, 150, 150, .5);
  animation: flip 2s 0s infinite ease normal;
}
@keyframes flip {
  0%   { transform: translate(0, 0)       rotateX(0)       rotateY(0);      }
  25%  { transform: translate(100%, 0)    rotateX(0)       rotateY(180deg); }
  50%  { transform: translate(100%, 100%) rotateX(-180deg) rotateY(180deg); }
  75%  { transform: translate(0, 100%)    rotateX(-180deg) rotateY(360deg); }
  100% { transform: translate(0, 0)       rotateX(0)       rotateY(360deg); }
}

// RESULT

Here we applied some CSS transformations in five different states, to animate a flipping square.

Multiple animations

It's possible to apply multiple animations to the same element. If we want to make our flipping square from above glow at the same time, we can simply add another animation separated by comma:

/* CSS */
.flip-walker::before {
  /* ... */
  animation:
    flip 2s 0s infinite ease normal,
    glow 2s 0s infinite linear normal;
}
@keyframes flip {
  /* ... */
}
@keyframes glow {
  to { background: white; box-shadow: 0 0 15px white; }
}

// RESULT

Note: I only used the to rule and left the from rule out. This is possible because browsers will use the element's existing/initial styles for the missing start or end states.

Custom timing function

If you're not happy with the default timing functions, you have the possibility to define your own with the help of a cubic-bezier curve. There are a lot of tools to define such a curve, I'm mostly using this one by Matthew Lein.

And here comes the last example of this tutorial:

<!-- HTML -->
<div class="pulse"></div>

/* CSS */
.pulse {
  width: 64px;
  height: 64px;
  background: white;
  border-radius: 50%;
  animation: pulse 1s 0s infinite cubic-bezier(0.000, 1.010, 0.5, 1.200) normal;
}
@keyframes pulse {
  from { transform: scale(0);   opacity: 1; }
  to   { transform: scale(1.0); opacity: 0; }
}

// RESULT

The timing function was just replace by the cubic-bezier(0.000, 1.010, 0.5, 1.200) I created.

Fallbacks

If you want to provide support especially for older browsers, you can use the @supports at-rule for a feature query and provide a fallback e.g. as a GIF. Here is a simplified example:

/* CSS */
.animated {
  background: url(animation-as.gif);
}
@supports (animation-name: test) {
  .animated {
    background: none;
    animation-name: test;
    /* ... */
  }
  @keyframes test {
    /* ... */
  }
}

Browsers that don't support the animation-name property or even the @supports rule will simply show the GIF image as background of your element.

Wrap it up

With the help of some simple CSS loading animation examples on a single element we've seen how to create CSS animations, define different animation states, use multiple animations and create custom timing functions. That's everything you need to create your own awesome CSS animations! 🔥

In case you want to play with the above examples, I put them together in this pen. If you have any questions or want to share your creation, feel free to post a comment.

Published: 26th November 2019
Cover Image: https://codepen.io/devmount/full/NWWZKEN