Killercoda Interactive Terminal

Killercoda offers free environments (based on Ubuntu) with various tools for beginners to try hands-on. It also has the Kubernetes playground which provides control plane server access for 1 hour. In which we can try to practice hands-on with control plane components.
Because sometimes we are dependent on training platforms to try the control plane (or kubeadm) practice, and killercoda comes handy as a free platform to satisfy the needs.

killercoda environment is similar to the killershell Kubernetes certification exam environment, but without the test scenarios.

So to get started with killercoda, users need to sign up for an account using their preferred method listed on the screen.

What is available in Killercoda Playground

There are variety of options available in Killercoda, plain Ubuntu OS, Kubernetes control plane with various versions and other options related to Kubernetes environment

Choose a Kubernetes environment

Let us choose Kubernetes v1.26 environment and inspect the internal components of Kubernetes control plane

Kubectl get nodes and get namespace

This control plane has 2 nodes and 5 namespaces

Kubectl get pods -A -o wide

controlplane $ k get pods -A -o wide
NAMESPACE            NAME                                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP            NODE           NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
kube-system          calico-kube-controllers-5f94594857-kjbzt   1/1     Running   4          2d20h   192.168.0.3   controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          canal-5zh75                                2/2     Running   0          32m     172.30.1.2    controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          canal-9wbgc                                2/2     Running   0          32m     172.30.2.2    node01         <none>           <none>
kube-system          coredns-68dc769db8-4nd5b                   1/1     Running   0          2d19h   192.168.0.7   controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          coredns-68dc769db8-fmx25                   1/1     Running   0          2d19h   192.168.1.2   node01         <none>           <none>
kube-system          etcd-controlplane                          1/1     Running   0          2d20h   172.30.1.2    controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          kube-apiserver-controlplane                1/1     Running   2          2d20h   172.30.1.2    controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          kube-controller-manager-controlplane       1/1     Running   2          2d20h   172.30.1.2    controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          kube-proxy-7zc4f                           1/1     Running   0          2d20h   172.30.1.2    controlplane   <none>           <none>
kube-system          kube-proxy-glxxb                           1/1     Running   0          2d19h   172.30.2.2    node01         <none>           <none>
kube-system          kube-scheduler-controlplane                1/1     Running   2          2d20h   172.30.1.2    controlplane   <none>           <none>
local-path-storage   local-path-provisioner-8bc8875b-lspfz      1/1     Running   0          2d20h   192.168.0.6   controlplane   <none>           <none>

We can see the list contains the control plane components

Contents of the directory `/etc/kubernetes`

We can find all the important files of Kubernetes control plane components, configurations, secrets and key files inside /etc/kubernetes directory.

controlplane $ pwd   
/etc/kubernetes

controlplane $ tree --dirsfirst
.
|-- manifests
|   |-- etcd.yaml
|   |-- kube-apiserver.yaml
|   |-- kube-controller-manager.yaml
|   `-- kube-scheduler.yaml
|-- pki
|   |-- etcd
|   |   |-- ca.crt
|   |   |-- ca.key
|   |   |-- healthcheck-client.crt
|   |   |-- healthcheck-client.key
|   |   |-- peer.crt
|   |   |-- peer.key
|   |   |-- server.crt
|   |   `-- server.key
|   |-- apiserver-etcd-client.crt
|   |-- apiserver-etcd-client.key
|   |-- apiserver-kubelet-client.crt
|   |-- apiserver-kubelet-client.key
|   |-- apiserver.crt
|   |-- apiserver.key
|   |-- ca.crt
|   |-- ca.key
|   |-- front-proxy-ca.crt
|   |-- front-proxy-ca.key
|   |-- front-proxy-client.crt
|   |-- front-proxy-client.key
|   |-- sa.key
|   `-- sa.pub
|-- admin.conf
|-- controller-manager.conf
|-- kubelet.conf
`-- scheduler.conf

3 directories, 30 files

Control Plane Component Manifest files

Let us see the contents of manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
We can notice the manifest has config values of etcd, tls and other components

controlplane $ cat manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubeadm.kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver.advertise-address.endpoint: 172.30.1.2:6443
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    component: kube-apiserver
    tier: control-plane
  name: kube-apiserver
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - kube-apiserver
    - --advertise-address=172.30.1.2
    - --allow-privileged=true
    - --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
    - --client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
    - --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction
    - --enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true
    - --etcd-cafile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
    - --etcd-certfile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-etcd-client.crt
    - --etcd-keyfile=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-etcd-client.key
    - --etcd-servers=https://127.0.0.1:2379
    - --kubelet-client-certificate=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-kubelet-client.crt
    - --kubelet-client-key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-kubelet-client.key
    - --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname
    - --proxy-client-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-client.crt
    - --proxy-client-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-client.key
    - --requestheader-allowed-names=front-proxy-client
    - --requestheader-client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-ca.crt
    - --requestheader-extra-headers-prefix=X-Remote-Extra-
    - --requestheader-group-headers=X-Remote-Group
    - --requestheader-username-headers=X-Remote-User
    - --secure-port=6443
    - --service-account-issuer=https://kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
    - --service-account-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/sa.pub
    - --service-account-signing-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/sa.key
    - --service-cluster-ip-range=10.96.0.0/12
    - --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.crt
    - --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.key
    image: registry.k8s.io/kube-apiserver:v1.26.1
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    livenessProbe:
      failureThreshold: 8
      httpGet:
        host: 172.30.1.2
        path: /livez
        port: 6443
        scheme: HTTPS
      initialDelaySeconds: 10
      periodSeconds: 10
      timeoutSeconds: 15
    name: kube-apiserver
    readinessProbe:
      failureThreshold: 3
      httpGet:
        host: 172.30.1.2
        path: /readyz
        port: 6443
        scheme: HTTPS
      periodSeconds: 1
      timeoutSeconds: 15
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: 50m
    startupProbe:
      failureThreshold: 24
      httpGet:
        host: 172.30.1.2
        path: /livez
        port: 6443
        scheme: HTTPS
      initialDelaySeconds: 10
      periodSeconds: 10
      timeoutSeconds: 15
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
      name: ca-certs
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /etc/ca-certificates
      name: etc-ca-certificates
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /etc/pki
      name: etc-pki
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/pki
      name: k8s-certs
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /usr/local/share/ca-certificates
      name: usr-local-share-ca-certificates
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /usr/share/ca-certificates
      name: usr-share-ca-certificates
      readOnly: true
  hostNetwork: true
  priorityClassName: system-node-critical
  securityContext:
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  volumes:
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/ssl/certs
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: ca-certs
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/ca-certificates
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: etc-ca-certificates
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/pki
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: etc-pki
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/kubernetes/pki
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: k8s-certs
  - hostPath:
      path: /usr/local/share/ca-certificates
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: usr-local-share-ca-certificates
  - hostPath:
      path: /usr/share/ca-certificates
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: usr-share-ca-certificates
status: {}

Similarly, let us inspect the contents of manifests/etcd.yaml
We notice the manifest has an etcd key, cert files and other config values.

controlplane $ cat manifests/etcd.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubeadm.kubernetes.io/etcd.advertise-client-urls: https://172.30.1.2:2379
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    component: etcd
    tier: control-plane
  name: etcd
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - etcd
    - --advertise-client-urls=https://172.30.1.2:2379
    - --cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt
    - --client-cert-auth=true
    - --data-dir=/var/lib/etcd
    - --experimental-initial-corrupt-check=true
    - --experimental-watch-progress-notify-interval=5s
    - --initial-advertise-peer-urls=https://172.30.1.2:2380
    - --initial-cluster=controlplane=https://172.30.1.2:2380
    - --key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key
    - --listen-client-urls=https://127.0.0.1:2379,https://172.30.1.2:2379
    - --listen-metrics-urls=http://127.0.0.1:2381
    - --listen-peer-urls=https://172.30.1.2:2380
    - --name=controlplane
    - --peer-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.crt
    - --peer-client-cert-auth=true
    - --peer-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.key
    - --peer-trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
    - --snapshot-count=10000
    - --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
    image: registry.k8s.io/etcd:3.5.6-0
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    livenessProbe:
      failureThreshold: 8
      httpGet:
        host: 127.0.0.1
        path: /health?exclude=NOSPACE&serializable=true
        port: 2381
        scheme: HTTP
      initialDelaySeconds: 10
      periodSeconds: 10
      timeoutSeconds: 15
    name: etcd
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: 25m
        memory: 100Mi
    startupProbe:
      failureThreshold: 24
      httpGet:
        host: 127.0.0.1
        path: /health?serializable=false
        port: 2381
        scheme: HTTP
      initialDelaySeconds: 10
      periodSeconds: 10
      timeoutSeconds: 15
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/lib/etcd
      name: etcd-data
    - mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
      name: etcd-certs
  hostNetwork: true
  priorityClassName: system-node-critical
  securityContext:
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  volumes:
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: etcd-certs
  - hostPath:
      path: /var/lib/etcd
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: etcd-data
status: {}

Taking ETCD Backup snapshot in control plane

Now, let us try a ETCD backup using the command from documentation

ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints=https://127.0.0.1:2379 \
--cacert=<trusted-ca-file> \
--cert=<cert-file> \
--key=<key-file> \
snapshot save <backup-file-location>

We can grep for pki values in manifests/etcd.yaml

controlplane $ grep pki manifests/etcd.yaml 
    - --cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt
    - --key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key
    - --peer-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.crt
    - --peer-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.key
    - --peer-trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
    - --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt

Replace values of cert-file, key-file and trusted-ca-file in the etcdctl snapshot save command

ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints=https://127.0.0.1:2379 \
--cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \
--cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt \
--key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key \
snapshot save /tmp/snapshot-pre-boot.db

Finally, we will run the snapshot save command:

controlplane $ ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints=https://127.0.0.1:2379 \
> --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \
> --cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt \
> --key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key \
> snapshot save /tmp/snapshot-pre-boot.db

{"level":"info","ts":1684855944.7321026,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:68","msg":"created temporary db file","path":"/tmp/snapshot-pre-boot.db.part"}
{"level":"info","ts":1684855944.7623043,"logger":"client","caller":"v3/maintenance.go:211","msg":"opened snapshot stream; downloading"}
{"level":"info","ts":1684855944.7625878,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:76","msg":"fetching snapshot","endpoint":"https://127.0.0.1:2379"}
{"level":"info","ts":1684855946.5906115,"logger":"client","caller":"v3/maintenance.go:219","msg":"completed snapshot read; closing"}
{"level":"info","ts":1684855948.752495,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:91","msg":"fetched snapshot","endpoint":"https://127.0.0.1:2379","size":"6.1 MB","took":"4 seconds ago"}
{"level":"info","ts":1684855948.7526174,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:100","msg":"saved","path":"/tmp/snapshot-pre-boot.db"}

Snapshot saved at /tmp/snapshot-pre-boot.db

Conclusion

Idea of this blog is to introduce the killercoda environment to newbies of Kubernetes. So they can explore the Control plane components as part of their learning.
I believe seeing things and getting your hands dirty at the same time allows anyone to catch hold of things faster.
In terms of kubernetes learning the more practice we do, the more confidence we do get.

Practicing Kubernetes Control Plane environment in Killercoda Interactive Terminal

Killercoda Interactive Terminal

What is available in Killercoda Playground

Choose a Kubernetes environment

Contents of the directory `/etc/kubernetes`

Control Plane Component Manifest files

Taking ETCD Backup snapshot in control plane

Conclusion

Follow me on,

Practicing Kubernetes Control Plane environment in Killercoda Interactive Terminal

Killercoda Interactive Terminal

What is available in Killercoda Playground

Choose a Kubernetes environment

Contents of the directory /etc/kubernetes

Control Plane Component Manifest files

Taking ETCD Backup snapshot in control plane

Conclusion

Follow me on,

Contents of the directory `/etc/kubernetes`