Richard RembertIn CSS, each box has a position in three dimensions. In addition to the x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical) positions, boxes also have a “z-axis” where they stack on top of each other.
The z-index property defines the stacking order of the elements on the z-axis. It only works on elements that have a position defined (anything apart from the default position:static;).
So when you have multiple overlapping elements on a page, z-index lets you decide which one is visible (or nearer to the user), as well as the order of any element(s) that sit behind it.
For example:
.element1 {
/* other styles ... */
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
}
.element2 {
/* other styles ... */
position: absolute;
z-index: 2;
}
And rather intuitively, if we swap our order values like so:
.element1 {
/* other styles ... */
position: absolute;
z-index: 2;
}
.element2 {
/* other styles ... */
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
}
The stacking order will change:
Negative numbers can also be used.
And when no z-index value is set, elements stack in the order that they appear in our HTML.
A good rule of thumb is to allow for number gaps when working with z-index. So using “10” then “20” for example. This way there is plenty of room to place an element within your stacking order, without having to re-number every element!
It should also be noted that nested elements behave differently. For example, a child element of element A will never be higher than element B, if B has a lower z-index value (and therefore a higher stacking order!).
Conclusion
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