Scrapfly
In the world of web command-line tools, two names frequently come up: cURL and wget. Whether you're a web developer, system administrator or just want to automate your daily tasks you might wonder which tool should you choose — cURL or wget?
Both tools are commonly used for interacting with the web, though they serve slightly different purposes. cURL is a versatile web client designed for sending complex requests and interacting with a wide range of protocols, while wget specializes in downloading web files, making it ideal for simpler retrieval tasks.
This guide will dive into the key differences between these two powerful utilities and help you decide when to choose cURL and when to opt for wget.
What is cURL?
cURL, short for "Client URL," is not only a highly adaptable command-line tool for transferring data via URLs but also a powerful HTTP library known as libcURL.
Libcurl library powers many HTTP client libraries in various programming languages, making cURL a fundamental building block in web communication. It's widely popular due to its support for multiple protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
Developers particularly favor cURL for its large feature set, including HTTP header manipulation, form handling, and SSL and proxy support. It is indispensable for making complex requests, interacting with APIs, and performing secure file transfers.
To give you some perspective, here are some tools and libraries powered by libcURL :
- pycURL and curl_cffi in Python
- HttpClient in C#/.NET
- libcURL and Guzzle for PHP
- cURLHandle in Java
These are just few examples which highlight how widely libcURL is used in HTTP communications across different languages and environments.
Basic cURL Example:
# Downloading a file with cURL, -o flag specifies the output file
cURL https://web-scraping.dev/assets/pdf/tos.pdf -o sample.pdf
This cURL command downloads a file from https://web-scraping.dev/assets/pdf/tos.pdf and saves it locally as sample.pdf.
What is wget?
wget, short for "World Wide Web Get," is a GNU tool primarily focused on downloading files from the web.
Unlike cURL, which is designed for versatility across a wide range of protocols, wget specializes in retrieving content recursively from websites (aka crawling). It excels at automating file retrieval over HTTP and FTP, making it ideal for users who need to download large sets of files or entire websites.
One of wget's standout features is its ability to mirror websites. In this context, "mirroring" refers to recursively downloading all the assets of a website, such as HTML pages, images, stylesheets, and scripts, and preserving the site structure. This is especially useful for creating backups, archiving websites, or offline browsing of web content.
Basic wget Example:
# Downloading a file with wget, -O flag specifies the output file
wget https://web-scraping.dev/assets/pdf/tos.pdf -O sample.pdf
This wget command downloads a file from https://web-scraping.dev/assets/pdf/tos.pdf and saves it locally as sample.pdf.
Now that we understand what each tool offers individually, we can compare them directly and see which one fits what use case.
cURL vs wget – What’s the Difference?
At first glance, both cURL and wget seem to perform similar tasks: transferring data over the web. However, there are key differences in how they function, their use cases, and their unique strengths. Let's break it down.
1. Availability
When it comes to availability, both cURL and wget are widely accessible, but they differ slightly in their distribution and protocol support. cURL is already comes installed with most operating systems while wget usually needs to be installed separately. See this table for more:
| Feature | cURL | wget |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-installed | Windows, Macos, Linux, BSD | Linux, BSD |
| Protocols | HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, LDAP, SFTP, SCP, SMB, TELNET, GOPHER, MQTT | HTTP, HTTPS, FTP |
| Platforms | Linux, Windows, macOS, BSD,embedded systems | Linux, Windows, macOS, BSD |
Protocols Supported by cURL:
cURL supports a wide range of protocols: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SCP, SFTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, LDAP, SMB, TELNET, GOPHER, and MQTT. This extensive protocol support makes cURL a versatile tool for handling a variety of data transfer tasks and what makes libcurl so powerful.
By contrast, wget focuses on a smaller set of protocols, primarily HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP, making it more specialized in web file retrieval tasks.
2. Speed and Scaling
When comparing wget vs cURL in terms of speed, both tools excel in different areas.
- wget is optimized for bulk downloading and can recursively download entire websites. It’s excellent for large-scale downloads, like crawling and backing up web content.
- cURL, on the other hand, is optimized for making multiple, individual requests , and it send requests in parallel.
Here's a quick comparison overview:
| Use Case | cURL | wget |
|---|---|---|
| Bulk Downloads | Not built for recursive downloads | Recursive download support (mirrors websites) |
| Single File Fetching | Efficient and quick | Suitable but slightly slower |
| Parallel Downloads | Supports parallel downloads with multiple requests | Not designed for parallel downloads |
So while cURL is great for general web requests in parallel wget is better for buld downloads and crawling:
Example: use wget for bulk downloads
# Download an entire website recursively
wget --mirror --convert-links --adjust-extension --page-requisites --no-parent https://httpbin.dev/
This command will crawl the entire website at https://httpbin.dev/, adjusting all links for local browsing and ensuring any necessary files (like images or stylesheets) are downloaded as well. The output will produce a directory with HTML files and their dependencies, making it ideal for offline browsing or backup.
Example Output
--2023-10-22 13:00:00-- https://httpbin.dev/
Resolving httpbin.dev (httpbin.dev)... 104.21.65.102
Connecting to httpbin.dev (httpbin.dev)|104.21.65.102|:443... connected.
...
Saving to: ‘index.html’
index.html 100%[================================================>] 5.01K --.-KB/s in 0s
2023-10-22 13:00:01 (19.5 MB/s) - ‘index.html’ saved [5023/5023]
This results in a folder containing the entire site's content, ready for offline viewing.
Using cURL for parallel downloads:
# Download multiple files in parallel using cURL
cURL -O https://httpbin.dev/file1.txt -O https://httpbin.dev/file2.txt
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 5023 0 5023 0 0 243k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 243k
100 4024 0 4024 0 0 184k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 184k
Here, cURL downloads two files (file1.txt and file2.txt) in parallel, saving them with their original filenames. Parallel downloads are an advantage when you need to fetch multiple individual files quickly. cURL is best suited for these kinds of tasks, where concurrency matters more than recursive downloading.
Parallel downloads allow cURL to fetch multiple files efficiently in one go.
(https://scrapfly.io/blog/concurrency-vs-parallelism/)
3. User Experience
The user experience varies depending on your needs. cURL offers more flexibility, but wget's simplicity makes it more accessible for straightforward tasks.
- cURL is highly customizable, making it ideal for developers and technical users who need fine control over HTTP requests, such as managing headers, cookies, and POST requests.
- wget is easier for users who just want to download files without worrying about other complexities.
| Feature | cURL | wget |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP Method Control | Fine-grained control (GET, POST, PUT, etc.) | Limited to GET and POST |
| HTTP Header Management | Supports adding/removing headers | Not designed for header manipulation |
| Recursive Downloads | Not natively supported | Full website mirroring capabilities |
| Ease of Use | Steeper learning curve | More user-friendly for basic tasks |
For users who want cURL's flexibility but with a more modern interface, tools like Curlie are attempts to improve and simplify the cURL user experience.
Some Examples
cURL is great for interacting with APIs, where specific HTTP methods or headers are needed:
# Sending a POST request with cURL
cURL -X POST -d "username=user&password=pass" https://example.com/login
In this example, cURL is used to send a POST request to an API, including a data payload (username and password). It allows for fine control over the HTTP method.
wget is straightforward for downloading files:
# Downloading a file using wget
wget https://example.com/sample.pdf
This wget command downloads a file directly from a URL and saves it locally. wget is simpler to use for downloading files with minimal configuration.
4. Proxy Support
Proxy support is crucial when accessing restricted networks or scraping behind firewalls. Both tools offer proxy capabilities, but they differ in the types of proxies they support:
| Proxy Support | cURL | wget |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP Proxy | ✅ | ✅ |
| HTTPS Proxy | ✅ | ✅ |
| SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 Proxy | ✅ | ❌ |
cURL supports both HTTP/HTTPS and SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 proxies, which provides additional flexibility for web scraping or interacting with APIs behind different proxy configurations.
wget while supporting HTTP and HTTPS proxies, lacks support for SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 proxies, limiting its usability in some environments. Though, wget works with tools like proxychains which can add SOCKS proxy support.
5. Blocking Bypass
When it comes to bypassing blocks (like rate limits or web scraping restrictions), cURL generally has the upper hand.
cURL supports features such as proxying, user-agent spoofing, and cookie handling. With the help of tools like curl-impersonate which can mimic browser requests, helping bypass HTTP2 and TLS fingerprinting.
wget can handle basic blocking mechanisms like user-agent spoofing, but it doesn't have the full range of bypass techniques that cURL offers and can be easily identified by anti anti-bot system.
Here's a quick summary for more:
| Blocking Feature | cURL | wget |
|---|---|---|
| User-Agent Spoofing | ✅ | ✅ |
| Proxy Support | ✅ | ✅ |
| Cookie Handling | Advanced cookie support | Basic cookie support |
| Anti-Fingerprinting | Supports cURL-impersonate for HTTP2 and TLS fingerpritns | ❌ |
Examples
To bypass blocks with wget start with setting User-Agent header that will bypass User-Agent based bot blocks:
# Using wget with a custom User-Agent
wget --user-agent="Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)" https://httpbin.dev/headers
To bypass blocks with cURL you can also update the User-Agent header and import your existing cookies from a real web browser:
# Sending a request with a custom User-Agent and cookies using cURL
cURL -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)" --cookie cookies.txt https://example.com
In this example, cURL uses a custom User-Agent string to simulate a real browser and sends cookies from a file (cookies.txt).
(https://scrapfly.io/blog/curl-impersonate-scrape-chrome-firefox-tls-http2-fingerprint/)
FAQ
To wrap up this guide, here are answers to some frequently asked questions about cURL and wget.
Can wget send POST requests?
Yes, wget can send POST requests, but it is primarily designed for downloading files. It lacks the flexibility that cURL offers for handling multiple HTTP methods like PUT, DELETE, and PATCH, making cURL the preferred tool for API interactions or complex HTTP requests.
Which tool is better for web scraping: cURL or wget?
cURL is generally the better option for web scraping due to its advanced features like cookie handling, managing HTTP headers, and submitting complex forms. wget, on the other hand, is more suitable for scraping static sites or downloading entire webpages, especially when using its recursive downloading feature.
Is wget faster than cURL?
The speed depends on the task. wget is typically faster when downloading multiple files or entire websites recursively, as it’s optimized for bulk downloads. cURL excels in handling single requests, making it faster for tasks like API calls or making several requests in parallel.
Summary
Choosing between cURL and wget ultimately depends on the specific task at hand:
cURL is ideal for interacting with APIs, managing complex HTTP requests, or bypassing restrictions. It supports a wide range of protocols, offering:
- Advanced control over headers and methods.
- Features like user-agent spoofing, cookie handling, and parallel downloads.
- Broad protocol support beyond just HTTP, making it versatile for developers and web scrapers.
wget excels in scenarios involving large-scale file downloads, especially when you need to:
- Recursively download entire websites or files.
- Mirror web content for offline use.
- Utilize a simple, efficient tool without needing extensive configuration.
By understanding these strengths, you can choose the right tool to match your specific requirements, whether for API handling, web scraping or web archiving.
