The Video API allows you to full control over your user interface when building applications with multi-party video sessions, but what options are available when you need to broadcast those sessions via HLS and/or RMTP streams? In this post, we'll discuss what built-in layouts are available out-of-the-box, how to create custom layouts of your own, and how to change layouts and stream styles on-the-fly.

Want to try it out? You can view an example application using the broadcast feature on GitHub. You can also deploy it to Heroku to try out.

Built-In Layout Types

There are several factors to consider when choosing the best layout for your broadcast. Is someone speaking? Is someone sharing their screen? Is the conversation a panel discussion? Luckily, the Vonage Video API provides several pre-defined layouts to help you create the best experience
for your viewers.

By default, broadcasts use the bestFit layout (shown below). This layout changes based on the number of participants and provides every publisher with equal screen real estate.

Other options include Picture-in-Picture (pip), Vertical Presentation (verticalPresentation), and Horizontal Presentation (horizontalPresentation).

Initializing & Changing Layouts

You can specify an initial layout when you start a broadcast. To do so, add a layout property containing a type property to the request body. This type property should correspond to the pre-defined layout you wish to use.

{
  "sessionId": "2_MX44NTQ1MTF--bm1kTGQ0RjVHeGNQZE51VG5scGNzdVl0flB-",
  "layout": {
    "type": "bestFit"
  }
}

To change the layout during a live streaming broadcast, use one of the OpenTok server SDKs or call the OpenTok /broadcast/layout REST API endpoint.

Send a JSON object with a type property denoting the layout you need in the body of your request.

{
  "type": "pip"
}

But using layouts is only the first step to making your stream look great. The next step is updating class lists for your streams. Let's use the Vertical Presentation verticalPresentation layout as an example. In the image above, you'll notice that the large area contains the word 'focus.' Focus is the name of a class that should be applied to the stream you want to appear in that area.

Whether it's a shared screen, active speaker, or a publisher that you've flagged as the 'presenter,' the stream you want to feature should have the 'focus' class assigned to it and no others. Let's talk about styles and how to apply and modify them.

Broadcast & Stream Styles

The layout for a broadcast is created in a virtual DOM with the following structure:

<broadcast>
  <stream class="{layoutClassList}" />
  <stream class="{layoutClassList}" />
  <stream class="{layoutClassList}" />
  ...
</broadcast>

You'll want to keep this structure in mind as you use the pre-defined layouts or create your custom layouts. By default, the broadcast video is 640x480 pixels, but you can specify the use of 1280x720 when you start the broadcast. In this case, the predefined layouts are adjusted to use a 16:9 aspect ratio.

Important: Only 9 streams can ever be displayed in a broadcast at one time.

Changing Styles

The pre-defined layouts supply CSS to control the look and feel of the broadcast. To utilize them, you'll need to specify what classes should apply to which streams. You can change the class list for streams using any of our Server SDKs or via the OpenTok REST API /session/{sessionId}/stream
endpoint. Requests to the endpoint would contain a JSON body similar to the below
object:

{
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "8b732909-0a06-46a2-8ea8-074e64d43422", // stream id
      "layoutClassList": ["focus"] // array of classes to apply to the specified stream
    }
  ]
}

It's important to notice that the items property is an array that allows you to provide details regarding multiple streams in one request. So in the example of using the vertical presentation, you should send the payload above specifying the id of the stream you wish to focus on. If another stream previously had the focus class, you should send it with an empty class list so that the focus class is removed from it.

Creating Custom Layouts

If one of the pre-defined layouts doesn't meet your needs, you can create a custom layout by sending custom as the type and a stylesheet property with CSS.

{
  "sessionId": "2_MX44NTQ1MTF--bm1kTGQ0RjVHeGNQZE51VG5scGNzdVl0flB-",
  "layout": {
    "type": "custom",
    "stylesheet": "stream.instructor {position: absolute; width: 100%;  height:50%;}"
  }
}

When creating a custom layout, you should consider a few things:

• Default styles applied to the broadcast and stream elements
• Permitted CSS selectors
• Permitted CSS properties & values

Default Styles

The broadcast and stream elements have default rules applied to them. You can override these styles in your custom CSS. The default rules are:

broadcast {
  position: relative;
  margin:0;
  width: 640px;
  height:480px;
  overflow: hidden;
}
stream {
  display: block;
  margin: 0;
}

Note: The container resolution is fixed and cannot be overridden by CSS.

Permitted CSS Selectors

Type selectors are only supported for stream elements. The broadcast element cannot be selected. Class selectors (such as .focus) are supported (and preferred.) They can be used to select any group of streams or an individual stream. Adjacent sibling and general sibling combinations are supported (sibling-one + sibling-two, sibling-one ~ sibling-two). The :first-child, :last-child, :nth-child(n), and :nth-last-child(n) pseudo-class selectors are also supported.

The following selectors are not supported:

• The universal selector (*)
• Descendent selectors (parent ancestor, parent * ancestor)
• Child selectors (parent > child)
• ID selectors (#myidentifier)
• Attribute selectors ([data-title*="my-title"])
• Pseudo-element selectors are not supported

Permitted CSS Properties

The following table describes the currently supported CSS properties and their possible values:

Continue Learning

Want to learn more about customizing the look of your broadcasts? Check out the links below:

• OpenTok Broadcast
• Configuring video layout for OpenTok live streaming broadcasts