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JavaScript is partly a functional language.

To learn JavaScript, we got to learn the functional parts of JavaScript.

In this article, we’ll look at how to use higher-order functions.

Higher-Order Functions

Higher-order functions are functions that take other functions as arguments and return a function.

It also takes other data and let us manipulate them.

JavaScript Data Types

JavaScript has several data types.

They include numbers, strings, booleans, objects, null and undefined .

Functions are data types like strings.

We can pass them around, store them as variables, etc.

This means they act like any other data type.

Storing a Function

We can store a function in a variable.

For example, we can write:

let fn = () => {}

Then we can check its type by using the typeof operator:

typeof fn

We should get 'function' returned with that.

Passing a Function

Functions can have parameters.

So we can write:

const getType = (arg) => {
  console.log(typeof arg)
}

We get the type by using the typeof operator from the arg .

We can also make our function call a function that’s passed in.

To do that, we can check if we passed in a function to our function.

For example, we can write:

const getType = (arg) => {
  if (typeof arg === "function") {
    arg()
  } else {
    console.log(arg)
  }
}

to check if arg is a function.

If it’s a function, we call it.

Otherwise, we log its value.

Returning a Function

We can return a function inside a function.

For instance, we can write:

let crazy = () => {
  return Number
}

We return the built-in Number function in our function.

Also, we can call the returned function.

So we can write:

let fn = crazy();
fn("abc");

We call the function returned by crazy .

Then we call fn and return the value that it returns.

Abstraction and Higher-Order Functions

We can abstract the higher-order functions by getting the function from the parameter and calling it.

For example, we can write:

const forEach = (array, fn) => {
  for (const a of array) {
    fn(a);
  }
}

fn is a function, so we can call it.

We loop through the array array and call fn with each entry of array as an argument.

Then we can use it by writing:

forEach([1, 2, 3], (data) => {
  //...
})

We have the array as the first argument.

The 2nd argument is a function that we call on each item.

forEach traverses the array and do what we want with it.

Also, we can do the same with an object by writing:

const forEachObj = (obj, fn) => {
  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(obj)) {
    fn(key, value);
  }
}

forEach({
  a: 1,
  b: 2,
  c: 3
}, (key, value) => {
  //...
})

We created the forEachObj function which takes an object and a function as parameters.

Then we loop through the key-value pairs with the Object.entries method and call the fn function on each key and value .

Conclusion

We can create higher-order function getting a function and then calling it with a function.

This can be done easily for code that traverses arrays and objects.